The Crusades and Beyond

1. The Crusades and Beyond Chapter 11

2. The crusades are military expeditions (wars) to recapture the holy land • They lasted from 1096- 1204 What are the Crusades?

3. The Pope The Crusaders (Warriors) The Pope needed to raise a large army so he promised entry to heaven to anyone who went to fight in the crusades. Many townspeople, craftsmen, and peasants joined the knights in fighting. • Pope Urban II sent European Christians to reclaim Jerusalem. • He was worried because some Muslim rulers were destroying Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, and pilgrimage to Jerusalem was becoming increasingly dangerous. Who and Why?

4. 1096- 1099 • 30,000 crusaders fought through Anatolia toward Palestine. • Christian crusaders conquered Antioch and finally surrounded and easily captured Jerusalem. The first Crusade

5. 1146- 1148 • Muslims organized and banded together to capture Edessa. • The Christians fought back, but were unable to hold on to Jerusalem. • Muslims retook Edessa, Damascus, and Anatolia. The second Crusade

6. 1189- 1192 • Salah al-Din led a renewed fight against the crusaders in the Holy Land. • His army captured Jerusalem. • Richard the Lionheart fought back. • A treaty was signed: Muslims kept control over Jerusalem, while the Christian crusaders kept a chain of cities along the coast of Palestine. The third Crusade

7. Economic Changes Societal Changes Monarchs grew more powerful; this helped to end the feudal system Crusaders dressed in clothing made of muslin (a type of cotton) Began to eat melon, apricots, sesame seeds, and carob Began to used spiced like pepper This all led to an increase in trade • Increased the use of money because crusaders needed to buy things • Some knights began performing banking functions (loans, investments) • Kings started a tax system to raise funds for crusades The Crusades Effects on Christians

8. A smaller impact What was the effect? Learned about new weapons and military ideas Began to adopt a standing army Merchants became wealthy from trade with Europe Muslims became more united against a common enemy. • This is because at the time of the Crusades, Muslims had a more advanced society than the Christians in Western Europe. • They had less to gain The Crusades Effects on Muslims

9. It got bad… It got even worse… Anti- Semitism (prejudice against Jews) spread among non-crusaders Jews’ place in society worsened, they could not hold public office or run trading businesses. • Entire communities of Jews were massacred • Synagogues and holy books were destroyed • In 1290, England expelled all Jews • In 1394, France expelled all Jews • Jews were forced to live in crowded neighborhoods called ghettos, separated from the rest of the town by gates and walls The Crusades Effects on Jews

10. What? Where? • A series of wars in which the Christians fought to win back control of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) from the Muslims. • They succeeded in taking back all except for Granada The Reconquesta

11. Late 1400’s in Spain • Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country • They used the inquisition, a church court, to find out whether supposed Christian converts were practicing their old religion. • Jews were told to become Catholics or leave- 170,00 left • Beginning in 1609, Spain expelled (kicked out) the remaining Muslims and Jews • This ended the golden age of cooperation between the 3 groups. The Inquisition