Chapter 19: Causes & Effects of the Civil War

1. Chapter 19: Causes & Effects of the Civil War

2. Economic Differences • South • “cotton kingdom” • Plantation system • Slave labor • Agricultural • Anti-Clay’s “American System” • National Banking • Internal improvements • tariffs • North • Manufacturing & factory system • Used of immigrants for labor in new factories • Pro-Clay’s “American System”

3. Political Causes • States’ Rights • Compromise of 1850 • CA added as free state & other territory popular sovereignty & fugitive slave laws • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Popular vote in territory on slave issue • “Bleeding Kansas” • Caning of Senator Sumner • Dred Scott v. Sanford—Slaves were seen as property • Republican Party & Election of 1860 • Fort Sumter

4. Social Causes • Second Great Awakening • Abolition Movement: • Frederick Douglass & Up from Slavery • William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator • Sojourner Truth • Rebellions: • Nat Turner: slave rebellion • John Brown’s Raid • Women’s Rights Movement • Seneca Falls Conference (Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton) • Declaration of Sentiment of Rights

5. Popular Sovereignty • Compromise of 1850: • CA admitted as free state • No slave trade in DC • Popular Sovereignty in Mexican Cession • Stricter FSL • Kansas-Nebraska Act • Slavery based on pop. Sov. • Repeal Compromise of 1820 • K-N Act: • Proslavery supporters from Missouri poured into Kansas “vote early & often” • Southerners won the election & created puppet government

6. A beat down • Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts gave a speech “Crime Against Kansas” where he condemned pro-slave southerners & insulted a SC Senator • SC Congressman Preston Brooks retaliated by beating Sumner with a cane

7. Anti-slavery Literature • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe • Portrayed the evils of slavery by focusing on splitting slave families and the phys. abuse

8. Rebellions Nat Turner John Brown • Oct 1831 in VA • Turner was a slave who led a rebellion • Resulted in 60 deaths • Convicted and hanged • Body was flayed, beheaded and quartered • May 1856—led an attack & killed 5 men; escaped justice • 1859—JB seized the arsenal @ Harper’s Ferry • Killed 7 • Most slaves unaware of JB and did not rise up in rebellion • Found guilty & hanged

9. The War Starts… • February 4, 1861—Confederate States of America was born • Fort Sumter was one of few Union footholds in the South • Confederates attacked and the fort fell out of the Union control RESULT: United the North; Virginia and other upper Southern states seceded *1863: West Virginia was created

10. A nation divided • Confederate States of America: • Before Ft. Sumter: • South Carolina • Florida • Georgia • Alabama • Mississippi • Louisiana • Texas • After Ft. Sumter: • Virginia • North Carolina • Tennessee • Arkansas • United States of America • Maine • Vermont • New Hampshire • Massachusetts • Rhode Island • Connecticut • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania • Ohio • Indiana • Illinois • Iowa • Michigan • Wisconsin • Minnesota • California • Border States: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware

11. Map of the North vs. South

12. First Battle of Bull Run (July ’61) 1st major battle of war IMPACT: North realized it was going to be a LONG & bloody war; South grew complacent and had trouble with deserters (felt the war was over)

13. Anaconda Plan Union military strategy to strangle the South by blockading its coasts Control the Mississippi to cut of Confederacy in half Sherman’s March to the Sea Capture key cities in the South: Richmond, Atlanta, Charleston

15. Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln’s declaration that freed enslaved people in the rebelling territory, but not slaves in the Union or Border States CONFISCATION ACT: Union army could confiscate slaves as they invaded South on the basis they were “contraband” of war

16. Impact of Emancipation Proclamation Many Northerners felt it went too far; opposed fighting an “abolition war” Abolitionists thought Lincoln did not go far enough; though some pleased South accused Lincoln of trying to stir up a slave insurrection

18. Thirteenth Amendment Standing in the way of full emancipation was the U.S. Constitution Process was started on passing an amendment (passed after Lincoln’s death) Simply stated: “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”

19. Freedmen in the War • After the E.P., hundreds of thousands of southern slaves walked away from slavery to seek protection from approaching Union armies. • 200K African Americans fought in segregated regiments in the Union army and navy • Ex: Massachusetts 54th Regiment (Glory)

20. The Union Triumphs (1863-1865) • Turning Points • Vicksburg (Spring 1863): Union controlled most of Mississippi River & New Orleans. Grant began siege against city of Vicksburg. After 7 weeks, Confederates surrendered the city. Union now controlled Mississippi & cut TX, LA, & Ark. from rest of Confederacy • Gettysburg (July 1863): Lee took offensive leading an army into Maryland; 3 day decisive battle of the war; went back and forth b/t USA & CSA; Lee retreated & never regained the offensive

24. 1864…war winds down Sherman’s March (Sept ‘64 to Feb ‘65): Started from Chattanooga to Atlanta to Savannah to Columbia & north; army of 100K destroyed everything in its path—everything the CSA could use to survive IMPACT: broke the will of the South & its ability to fight on

25. Election of 1864 Republican: Abraham Lincoln (i) Democrat: Gen. George McClellan

26. The End of the War Effects of blockade, Sherman, spread hunger in much of the South Grant continued to outflank Lee’s army until they collapsed @ Petersburg followed by Richmond (April 1865) Confederate army surrounded near Appomattox Court House in VA April 9, 1865Lee surrendered to Grant

27. Assassination of Lincoln • April 14, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln @ the Ford’s Theater • Conspirator attacked Sec. of State Seward

30. Reconstruction Chapter 22

31. Reconstruction? • YEARS: 1865-1877 • Attempt to achieve national reunification and reconciliation after the Civil War and improve life of former slaves • 4 Questions to answer: • How to rebuild the South? • What would be the condition of the A-A in the South? • How would the South be integrated into the Union? • Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress?

32. Q#1: How to rebuild the South? • Passing of the 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments were passed • Outlawed slavery (13) • Defined a citizen (14) • Suffrage regardless of race or color (15)

33. Q#2:What would be the condition of the A-A in the South? • Freedmen’s Bureau: to help the unskilled, uneducated, poverty-stricken ex-slaves to survive (social services, medical care, etc)

34. Q#3:How would the South be integrated into the Union? • Southern states had • to ratify the 13-15th Amendments • Swear allegiance to the US • Obey emancipation

35. Q#4:Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress? • Lincoln and Congress had varying views on what to do with the rebelling states: • Lincoln: recognize a new state gov; 10% of ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty of the US and obey emancipation • Congress: 50% ex-Confederate voters to pledge loyalty; iron-clad oath; saw CSA as “conquered territory” and subject to Congress’ conditions and wishes

38. Ending of Reconstruction • Election of 1876 • Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, not Grant • Democrats choose Governor Samuel J. Tilden • Tilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20 electoral disputed • Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get: - federal troops leave LA, SC - funding for Southern railroad, waterways - conservative Southerner in cabinet • Compromise means end of Reconstruction

39. Legacy of Reconstruction • Republicans fail to protect rights they gave to former slaves • Unwillingness to distribute land blocks economic independence • Amendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights legislation • African-American schools, civic groups increase literacy, opportunity