History 12

1. History 12 Lesson 1 After the Civil War

2. Keys to technology • There were a variety of key industries and technological innovations that led to the industrial boom. • Transportation • Building Materials • Energy Sources • Communications

3. Effects of the Civil War • The Civil War was one of the most tragic wars in American history. More Americans died then in all other wars combined. Brother fought against brother and the nation was torn apart. In the end, we must look at the important consequences of the conflict. There may be others, but this is a good list to work off.

4. Effects of the Civil war • 1. The nation was reunited and the southern states were not allowed to secede. • 2. The South was placed under military rule and divided into military districts. Southern states then had to apply for readmission to the Union. • 3. The Federal government proved itself supreme over the states. Essentially this was a war over states rights and federalism and the victor was the power of the national government.

5. Effects of the Civil War • 4. Slavery was effectively ended. While slavery was not officially outlawed until the passage of the 13th amendment, the slaves were set free upon the end of the war. • 5. Reconstruction, the plan to rebuild America after the war, began. • 6. Industrialism began as a result of the increase in wartime production and the development of new technologies.

6. Reconstruction • At the end of the Civil War two very different plans for reconstructing the nation were offered. Had Lincoln lived perhaps history would have been different. The assassination of Lincoln, however, left the vulnerable Andrew Johnson, a Southerner and former slave owner with no college education, President. Could he live up to Lincoln's ideals? Would he be allowed the opportunity?

8. Reconstruction • After the Civil War congress was controlled by a group called the "Radical Republicans.” Lincoln was able to control them and had proposed a plan for reconstruction that looked to treating the South more like a lost brother returning home. Lincoln looked to reconstruction as a time of healing. The Radical Republicans, however, looked at reconstruction as an opportunity to teach the South a lesson and to punish them. In 1866 Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill which called for rather draconian Reconstruction measures. Lincoln vetoed the bill but the debate raged.

9. Reconstruction • Immediately following the Civil War, Southern states passed numerous laws restricting the rights of Blacks. They were known as the "Black codes". Mississippi, for example, barred interracial marriages. The punishment for such an act was death. Another code restricted the area in which Blacks could live. For example, Blacks could not own or rent land outside of an incorporated town. The purpose of this code was to undermine the efforts of the federal government in giving forty acres of land to former slaves. Many large plantations in the South were confiscated or abandoned. Much of this land was parceled out to slaves in forty acre allotments.

11. Reconstruction • These actions by Southern states angered congress. Led by the "Radical Republicans", congress passed sweeping legislation during the Reconstruction years. Congressmen Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens led the fight and first passed an act to establish the Freedmen's Bureau. Its purpose was to provide education and training for Blacks in their transition from slavery to freedom.

13. Reconstruction • Despite the best efforts of President Andrew Johnson to stop all legislation assisting Blacks, several significant bills were passed. With martial law in force in the South, congress could do virtually anything it wanted to. The rebellious states could not vote on the measures before congress, and there were enough votes to override President Johnson's vetoes.

14. Reconstruction • The year following the Civil War, congress passed the Civil Rights act of 1866. It was subsequently vetoed by Andrew Johnson. Congress, however, overrode his veto and immediately passed the 14th Amendment due in part to Johnson's resistance. The purpose of both measures involved the rights of persons born or naturalized in the United States.

15. 14th Amendment • "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." With exception to Tennessee, all Southern states refused to ratify the amendment.

16. Reconstruction • Congress than passed the Reconstruction Act, which prohibited these states from participating in Congress until they passed the measure and revised their own state constitutions. Passage of this amendment and the Reconstruction Act met with violent opposition. Despite the presence of the military, Whites went on a rampage killing, beating, burning, and destroying any Blacks they could find. Blacks were lynched by the hundreds.

17. 15th Amendment • In 1870, another Civil Rights Act was passed, and was immediately followed by the 15th Amendment - "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color or previous conditions of servitude."

18. Reconstruction • Clearly the discord between Johnson and the Radical Republicans made Johnson an ineffective President and strengthened the power of Congress. In 1868 Congress impeached Johnson for violating a law called the Tenure of Office Act which forbade the President from firing a member of the Cabinet. Johnson was not convicted but clearly he was a lame duck President.

19. Racism Continues • The end of the Civil War and the Reconstruction of the South attempted to address some of the social concerns of the freed slaves but in reality could do very little to make blacks economically and politically equal to whites. In fact, there was never any intention of making blacks equal. The results of slavery and lingering racism were devastating.

20. What economic problems did newly freed slaves face? • 1. They had no education and could not read or write as a result of the Slave Codes. • 2. Job opportunities were extremely limited. • 3. Often the only skills a freed slave had was in farming and even then they usually only knew how to do the manual labor, not the actual running of a farm. • 4. Freed slaves had no money, clothing, etc.

21. What types of jobs did freedmen take? • 1. Sharecropping - Many freed slaves remained on their plantations and worked as sharecroppers. In this arrangement landowners (former plantation owners) also had no money to hire workers so what they would do is allow a freed slave to work the land and give a portion of the harvest to the landowner. The portion was usually quite high and it was difficult for the freeman to save enough to to sell on his own. In theory a sharecropper could save enough money to buy some mules and eventually rent the land but this was rare. • 2. Tenant Farming - Some sharecroppers actually made enough to begin renting the land. This was known as tenant farming. Certainly this was better than 'cropping but they still struggled to make ends meet.

22. Quiz • What were “black Codes?” • List 3 effects of the Civil War? • What was the purpose of the freedmen's bureau? • What was the reconstruction act?

23. Who did blacks turn to find some relief from the emotional burden?? • 1. growth of black Methodist and Baptist Churches - had Evangelical roots. Used spiritual song and gospel; they were the forerunner of Southern Baptist churches. AME - African Methodist Episcopal Church sent missionaries to the south immediately after the war. Membership increased from 70,000 to 390,000.

24. What needed to be done to help blacks reenter society? • 1. Freedmen's Bureau - created as a part of the Reconstruction Act, it was a Federal agency designed to provide food, clothes and shelter for freed slaves and whites in need. • 2. Education - black and white school teachers came south and began to teach the freed slaves. Booker T. Washington said "It was a whole race going to school. Few were too young and none were too old."

25. How successful was reconstruction in creating real economic freedom? • 1. Not very much. many called sharecropping and tenant farming economic slavery because it still kept freedmen subservient to whites and at their whim.

26. White Negative reactions • 1. Supremacist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan and the Knights of the White Camellia were formed . Some originally warned blacks not to vote, then turned violent.

27. How did groups like the Klan effect reconstruction? • Southerners may have had to live with blacks but they sure didn't like it and they sure were not going to treat them as equals. What came to exist in the south was a segregated society, or one where the races are separated. This was not originally law (though it later came to be) and is thus referred to as de facto segregation or segregation by the fact that it exists.

29. Scalawags • Scalawags (means scoundrel) -White southerners who joined the Republican Party. There were mixed motivations. Some wanted rapid industrialization, some opposed slavery and secession, some were selfish office seekers who used blacks to gain elective office by stuffing ballot boxes etc.

30. Carpetbaggers • Carpetbaggers (from pictures of all belongings rolled in a carpet carried on their shoulders.)-Northerners who moved South. There were again various motives to support reconstruction. Some were teachers and clergy who really wanted to help former slaves, some were Union soldiers who preferred a warm climate, some were entrepreneurs, some were dishonest profit seekers.

31. Ways Blacks were kept from voting • 1. Literacy Tests - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person had to read in order to vote. Most Blacks were asked to read the constitution. Considering that most had been slaves, and were uneducated, they could not pass the test. This took away the rights of blacks to vote.

32. Ways Blacks were kept from voting • 2. Poll Taxes - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person had to pay a two dollar tax in order to vote. This was much of money for a newly freed slave and most could not afford it.

33. Ways Blacks were kept from voting • 3. Grandfather clause - The democrats passed voter qualification laws that mandated that a person could only vote if their grandfather had been eligible to vote and had been a citizen. Since most slaves' grandfathers had also been slaves they did not qualify to vote under these laws.

34. How did white southerners justify these laws? • . According to the constitution laws regarding voter qualifications were a reserved power left up to the states. Therefore southern states could pass laws that went around the 15th amendment

35. What happened when the Jim Crow Laws were challenged? • Homer Plessey, a member of a citizens group protesting the Jim Crow laws that created segregation in the south, was arrested for violating the law that forced Blacks to ride in separate train cars. Plessey claimed that the laws violated the 14th amendment to the Constitution that said that all citizens were to receive "equal protection under the law." The state argued that Plessey and other Blacks did receive equal treatment, just separate.

36. Plessy VS Ferguson • Plessey's conviction of a violation of Jim Crow laws has upheld by the Court. The Court ruled that the 14th amendment said that Blacks did not have the right to the same facilities, just equal facilities. By ruling this way the court created the doctrine of "separate but equal."

37. Reconstruction began in 1865, how do you think Northerners felt about it by 1877? Northerners were tired of reconstruction after twelve long years.By 1877 many felt that they would never accomplish the social good that they sought to accomplish. The general feeling was that the the south might never really change. 2. Northerners were also upset at the fact that the northern military had to occupy the south. They wanted their soldiers home.

38. Ending Reconstruction • Depression and scandal pushed everything over the edge. • The Depression of 1873 showed that the government could not continue to afford reconstruction. • The Credit Mobilier scandal key Republican congressman had arranged for the Credit Mobilier holding company to received government land and money to build a railroad out west. In return these men received bribes. The railroad was never built and the scandal showed America how little control Grant actually had.

39. Reconstruction ended due to the election of 1876 • By 1876 many Americans wanted to put the disputes of the Civil War and reconstruction in the past. Even in the North many believed it would be better if the Federal Government let Southern states take care of their own affairs. The election was so close it had to be determined by congress. They compromised that Republican could win if they pulled out the troops. Rutherford B. Hayes wins.

40. After Reconstruction • In the years when the South was left to rule on their own. Laws of segregation were passed. (Separation of whites and blacks) • Laws would require separate hotels, rail cars, and schools. These were known as Jim Crow laws. • These laws were considered legal because separation was considered a solution.

41. Moving West • During the 1800's and the period of Manifest Destiny Americans sought to move westward to gain a piece of independence, a plot of land to live on. After the Civil War the migration of Americans westward grew. For many Americans this was the American Dream. Far from the cities, where your neighbor couldn't be seen of heard from without a half days journey. What most failed to consider is that whenever we moved anywhere we encroached upon lands already occupied and sustaining the lives of people who had been there for perhaps thousands of years.

42. As settlers moved west what was their view of Native Americans? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSu4hOLYrXk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63KOboifCig • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX449Y1Bdug

43. Moving West • While many attitudes about native Americans were present, most viewed them as blood thirsty savages, a depiction which was clearly untrue. This attitude was driven by an American desire to move westward and conquer the lands to the west. • While Manifest Destiny was the justification used by many for the removal of native Americans, it was the Homestead Act of 1862, the issuing of Land Grants and the California Gold Rush of 1849 that provided the fuel for the push.

44. Homestead Act of 1862 • The Homestead Act promised free land to all settlers who staked a claim out west. • Provided that any adult citizen who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to “improve” the plot by building a dwelling and cultivating the land. After 5 years on the land, the original filer was entitled to the property, free and clear, except for a small registration fee. Title could also be acquired after only a 6-month residency and trivial improvements, provided the claimant paid the government $1.25 per acre.

45. Land Grants • The Land Grants were vast tracts of land given to the railroads so that a trans continental railroad would be built. • Provided for 3.75 million acres of land to the states to support railroad projects 21 million acres of public lands were used for railroads in the Mississippi River valley, and the stage was set for more substantial Congressional subsidies to future railroads.

46. California Gold Rush • In 1849 hundreds of thousands of speculators rushed west after gold had been found in California. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi9i4agGmkw

47. Results of moving west • Each of these acts sped up what was most likely bound to be an inevitable process, the removal of native American from their ancestral lands. The superior technology of the white man who possessed guns, and railroads made the defeat of the native American inevitable.

48. Policies towards Native Americans • 1828 - Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia • 1830 - Indian Removal Act • 1860 - 1890's - Plains Indians Wars • 1887 - The Dawes Act • 1953 - Termination Policy • 1980's

49. Cherokee Nation VS Georgia • In 1828 the Cherokee tribe who had lived in peace working as farmers, building houses and roads found gold on their land. As a result white settlers moved in and the State of Georgia claimed jurisdiction over the Cherokee. The Cherokee sued claiming they were independent from Georgia. • The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee. The victory was short lived, however, as President Andrew Jackson in response to the Courts decision is reputed to have said, "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it." Instead the federal government removed the Indians to Oklahoma.

50. Indian Removal act of 1830 • This act authorized the President to negotiate treaties and remove the remaining Eastern Indians to lands west of the Mississippi. Under Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, federal agents again used threats, bribes and liquor to secure Indian consent to one sided treaties. The federal government removed thousands of Indians, some in chains, on a trip marked by hunger, disease and death. This became known as the "trail of tears." By the late 1840's almost all native Americans had been moved to lands west of the Mississippi.