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Social Research Methods

Learn to leverage SPSS, a statistical package for social sciences, for data analysis, graph generation, and report creation. Find step-by-step instructions on using SPSS for recording, coding, recoding variables, and conducting univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Discover how to generate insightful charts and graphs to visualize your research findings. Enhance your analytical skills through this comprehensive guide on maximizing SPSS functionality.

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Social Research Methods

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  1. Alan Bryman Social Research Methods Chapter 16: Using IBM SPSS for Windows (part 1) Slides authored by Tom Owens

  2. A “statistical package for the social sciences”; A computer programme written for personal computers; An intelligent database with built-in formulas for calculating correlations and degrees of significance; A report generator for graphs, charts and tables. What is SPSS? See page 354

  3. Why bother with SPSS? • Because.......................... • Most professional researchers use it; • You learn a valuable transferable skill; • Otherwise, you would need to master the underlying formula for each analytic technique. See page 354

  4. You should use SPSS...... When............ • Your sample has been randomly drawn; • You have used a structured questionnaire; • You have around 100 cases, or more; • You need to test for complex correlations between variables.

  5. A notepad and a calculator, if you have a small number of cases; Excel or a similar spreadsheet programme, if you have only a few variables to examine and simple statistical calculations to perform; Access or a similar database programme, if you want to be able to locate data in lots of different ways without numerical significance. What could you use instead of SPSS?

  6. The essential elements of SPSS: • Recording Data • Coding Variables: • (Naming, Assigning Values, Giving Labels to Variables and to their Values) • 3.Recoding Variables: • (Arranging Data in a new format, Computing new variables) • 4.Analysis: (Univariate, Bivariate, Multivariate) • 5.Generating Graphs Tips and skills pages 354,355

  7. The steps to take to get the maximum benefit from this presentation: 1. Load SPSS (if you have never done so before, click: followed by your SPSS version.) 2. Go to the on-line resources for the book. 3. Navigate to „datasets” and download the SPSS dataset. 4. The dataset will load automatically. 5. Save the file immediately (on your own media, like a flash-drive, memory stick etc). start All Programs SPSS Inc. See page 355

  8. The first screen you see is the Data Editor, in Data View: Plate 16.1, page 356

  9. Download gym.sav or open the file...... Plate 16.2 page357

  10. Click the Variable View tab and code the variables Type in the variable names: change var00001 to gender; var00002 to age; and so on Plate 16.3, page 358

  11. Coding variables: • For your own research, start here. In fact, start thinking about this before you finalise your questionnaire!! • The name can only have 8 characters, no spaces. • The variable label can be called anything you like – this is what will appear on any table or graph you make. • Each variable can have many values, each of which can have its own label. • Questions might not be answered for various reasons, so you should give a special value for missing answers (see slide 15, where ‘0’ is used for non-responses) to make sure SPSS knows about them. See pages 357-359

  12. Coding Question 3: “Reasons” Enter 1, etc then relaxation, etc then Add Plate 16.4, page 358

  13. Coding for missing answers: You can give codes for unwillingness to respond, or inapplicability e.g. Plate 16.5, page 359

  14. Recoding variables keeps the original data intact while reorganizing the data in a new way: Plate 16.6, page 360

  15. Recoding age data (ordinal) as age groups (interval/ratio): Make sure to avoid overlaps Plate 16.7, page 360

  16. Recoding variables to compute new variables: A new variable (totalmins) is computed from the addition of cardmins, weimins and othmins. Plate 16.8, page 361

  17. Starting your analysis: Univariate analysis of Reasons Click Analyse on the toolbar, then Descriptive Statistics on the drop-down menu for the possibilities, including Frequencies..... Plate 16.9, page 362 Click OK

  18. The result will appear like this: No respondent ticked Meet Others for Q3!! Plate 15.10, Page 369

  19. Plate 16.11, page 364 Generating charts: A Bar Chart – Follow the sequence..... 4: Drag and drop your variable 1: Click Gallery 3: Drag and drop the design you want 2: Click Bar

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