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Judaism beliefs & denominations ancient & modern

Judaism beliefs & denominations ancient & modern. s ome random facts. origins: Abram/Abraham (1800 BCE) Judaism = “religion of Judah; Judahites ” (“Jew” is a term from Middle Ages) t oday there are Jews who are agnostic, atheist, etc. ( never cease being Jewish)

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Judaism beliefs & denominations ancient & modern

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  1. Judaismbeliefs & denominationsancient & modern

  2. some random facts • origins: Abram/Abraham (1800 BCE) • Judaism = “religion of Judah; Judahites”(“Jew” is a term from Middle Ages) • today there are Jews who are agnostic, atheist, etc. (never cease being Jewish) • fewer than 20 million (1% of world)6 million in Israel, 6 million in US • Palestinian Judaism = mother of Rabbinic Judaism, Christianity & Islam • RCC: God’s “chosen people” still

  3. Biblical History 1 • Prehistory: Stories of Creation, etc. • Era of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs (1800 BCE) Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and 12 sons… story of Joseph in Egypt • The Exodus (1300 BCE) Moses, flight from Egypt/slavery • Conquest of Canaan: Joshua (1250 BCE) • Era of the Judges (1200 BCE) 2 or more tribes unite under a charismatic leader for defense

  4. Biblical History 2 • United Kingdom [First Temple Period] (1000 BCE) Saul, David, Solomon • Divided Kingdom (1100 BCE) north: Israel (Samaria) & south: Judah (Jerusalem) prophets: e.g. Amos & Jeremiah • Assyria conquers Israel [northern kingdom] (720 BCE) never return from exile (ten “lost” tribes)

  5. Biblical History 3 • Babylonian Exile (600 BCE) Babylon conquers Judah Persia conquers Babylon • The Return [Second Temple Period] Jerusalem and Temple rebuilt • Maccabean Period Seleucid Greeks (Syria) conquer Jerusalem, outlaw Judaism; Maccabean revolt • Roman Era (66 BCE -70 CE)

  6. denominations in Biblical times • Yahwism (pre-Exile religion) • Palestinian Judaism:(1) land/people (2) temple/priesthood/cult (3)Torah • Pharisees (“separate ones”) -- Torah • Sadducees (“Zaddok”) -- Temple cult • Essenes (?) -- Temple cult • Zealots (sicarii = daggers) -- land/people • followers of The Way (Christians) • see “Key Moments in History of Judaism” handout

  7. end of Jewish state 70 CE • 66 -72 CE (Masada) • (1) land/people (2)Temple/priest/cult gone • Torah: Pharisees and successors – rabbis • Synagogue (= academy) • Rabbinic JudaismOrthodoxReformConservative

  8. Sacred Writings • Tanakh – 39 booksTorah (the teaching)Nevi’im (the prophets)Ketuvim (the writings) • Mishnah (“repetition”, “secondary”)oral Law in written form • Talmud (“instruction” or “learning”)written record of rabbinic discussions and debates; includes Mishnah & Gemaralaw, ethics, customs and history

  9. Sacred Writings • Gemara – discussion/interpretationof Mishnah; included in Talmud • Midrash (“sermons”)4th – 6th century CE • Responsa: thousands of responsesto specific questions • see Judaism’s Sacred Writings handout

  10. Orthodox Judaism • “sound/correct/conventional doctrine” • Law (Torah) from God – cannot be changede.g. Kashrut/Kosher https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifKFC4jYqS8 • written and oral lawTenakh (Torah), Talmud & Mishnah • 613 laws • worship: Rabbi & Cantor (Chazzan) • no female rabbisBar but no Bat Mitzvah • 10% of American Jews

  11. Hasidic (Chasidic) Judaism • Orthodox • “pious ones” • Eastern Europe, 18th century • Rabbi & Cantor • less scholarly, more emotional • mysticism • great mystical figureswith followers to this day:Rebbe - enlightened one

  12. Reform Judaism • late 18th century in Germany • accept modern critical Biblical study • values, ethics and principles matternot particular laws • Rabbi & Cantor • female rabbisBar & Bat Mitzvah • 35% of American Jews

  13. Conservative Judaism • 19th century Europe • accept the binding nature of Jewish Law • but Law must evolve and change • principles cannot change, but laws need to be flexible, adapt • some female rabbissome bas mitzvah • 25% of American Jews

  14. modern denominations Hasidim (“pious ones”) Orthodox (“correct teaching”) Conservative Reform others: Reconstructionist, Humanistic(Jewish culture without religion)

  15. Chicago Police (training video)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5TnKVYM9Euk

  16. Who is God? • creator • law-giver • moral • Judge • active in history • faithful (covenant) • only God • universal • El, El Shaddai • YHWH(Yahweh) • Adonai(the Lord) • Ha Shem(the Name)

  17. 13 Principles of Faith • G-d exists - G-d is one and unique • G-d is incorporeal • G-d is eternal • Prayer must be directed to G-d alone • The words of the prophets are true • Moses is the greatest of the prophets

  18. 13 Principles of Faith • The written Torah and oral Torah were given to Moses • There will be no other Torah • G-d knows the thoughts and deeds of all • G-d will reward the good and punish wicked • The Messiah/Messianic age will come • The dead will be resurrected2 views (a) heavenly paradise at death, then resurrectionor (b) nothing at death – await final resurrection

  19. Shema (see handout: Deut6:4-9, 11:13-21; Num 15:37-41) Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One. Blessed be the name of the glory of His kingdom forever and ever. You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your might. And these words which I command you today shall be upon your heart. You shall teach them thoroughly to your children, and you shall speak of them when you sit in your house and when you walk on the road, when you lie down and when you rise. You shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for areminder between your eyes. And you shall write them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates…

  20. covenants • pact: unequals • rights of conquerer • rights of the conquered • “cutting” a covenantanimal, blood, feast • 2 copies(bronze or stone) • Noah • Abraham • Moses (Sinai) • David • Jeremiah

  21. Judaism’s ethical teaching • Tenakh, rabbinic tradition (Talmud, Mishnah, etc.) • 613 laws emphasize: respect for God, honesty, peace, generosity, compassion, respect for human dignity, care for God’s creation • dietary and purity laws • Ten Commandments (= bill of rights)1 – 4 God’s rights (allegiance, praise, etc.)4 – 10 rights of humans (life, family, property, etc.)videos: The Ten Commandments (parts 1,2 & 3)

  22. worship customs • Shabbat (Sabbath) = “Rest” as worship (not for worship) • worship in synagogue (= academy)rabbi (master of Law) teaches – brings God’s word to uscantor (chazzan) – brings our praise to God • Torah stored in holy ark (aron kodesh) [see next slide] • individuals pray three times per day • community prayer – requires 10 adults (minion) • swaying while praying = mystical practice (flickering, upward reaching of candle flame)

  23. synagogue 1 – Ark (aron kodesh)2 – Torah scrolls3 – eternal light (ner tamid)4 – menorah5 – Ten Commandments6 – seats for Rabbi and Cantor7 – Cantor/Rabbi reading table 8 – Rabbi’s podium9 – raised platform (bimah)10 – seats for congregation

  24. customs • kippah/yarmulke • married women: head covering(often a wig) • prayer shawl (tallit) • tefillin / phylactery(scripture) • mezzuzah

  25. miscellaneous terms • Sephardic JudaismSpain and Portugal • Ashkenazi JudaismFrance and Germany (Yiddish) • Kashrut: dietary laws (kosher = proper, correct) • Brit Milah (circumcision & naming of son on 8th day)Brit Bat (naming of daughter on 8th day) • Bar Mitzvah/Bat Mitzvah (“son/daughter of the Law”)boys = 13 years old, girls =12 years old

  26. Judaism in Great Britain • 270,000 • 55% Orthodox11% Hasidic10% Conservative20% Reform

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