Environmental Performance of Biofuels for Transportation

1. Environmental Performance of Biofuels for Transportation Michael Martin Environmental Technology and Management Michael.Martin@liu.se

2. “You can’t solve the problems with the same kind of thinking that created the problems” -Albert Einstein- Relevant Option at Present: Alleviation from Biofuels…

3. Overview • Biofuels for Transport, What they are • Different types of biofuels • Brief History • Raw Materials • Production • Application in Vehicles • Benefits and Drawbacks • Biofuels Debate • Synergies and Symbiosis Options to Improve Performance • Future Systems • My work with Tanzanian Biodiesel

4. What areBiofuels for Transportation?

5. Biofuels for Transport Vehicle fuels derived from biomass and wastes • Solid • Liquid • Gas Replacement of traditional/conventional fuels • Total substitution • Partial (blending) • Dual Fuel

6. 1st vs. 2nd Generation Biofuels First Generation Biofuels • Common • Produced from allocated feedstocks Second Generation Biofuels • Created from ligno-cellulose • Not common • More development needed • HUGE POTENTIAL!

7. Biofuels for Transport 3 Main Fuels for Transport • Ethanol • Biodiesel • Biogas • SVO, Pure Vegetable Oil

8. Ethanol • History as a Vehicle Fuel • Raw Materials • Production Process • Cellulosic Ethanol • Application in Vehicles • Pros vs. Cons

9. History of Ethanol as a Vehicle Fuel Henry Ford • Quadri-cycle • Model T • Flex Fuel Vehicle • Carburetor Adjustment for Ethanol or Gasoline “Build a vehicle affordable to the working family and powered by a fuel that would boost the rural farm economy.” (Henry Ford) “You can have a Model T in any color you would like, as long as it is BLACK” (Henry Ford)

10. Ethanol Raw Materials • Sugar Rich Crops • Sugar cane • Sugar beets • Starch Rich and Cereals • Sorghum • Sweet Potatoes • Wheat • Corn (Maize) Cellulosic Crops Abundant…

11. Ethanol Production Process

12. Ethanol Production-Ligno-Cellulose • Lignin and cellulose in Plants • Convert Cellulose to Ethanol • Lignocellulosic enzymatic fermentation • Can produce a wide range of fuels

13. Ethanol for Vehicles Examples • Flexfuel Becoming Popular (Ford, Volvo, GM, Audi, etc.) • Miljöbilar (Environmental Cars) of Stockholm • Only $100-200 (630-1300SEK) for initial chip by manufacturers How it Works • On board diagnostics distinguishing • Controls fuel-air mixture • Can run any blend of E85 and Gasoline (Petrol) • My new Project, Ford Fiesta-Miljöbil (Ethanol Conversion) • FlexiTune System • July 2008, Converted cars considered MIJLÖBILAR

14. Advantages vs. Disadvantages

15. Biodiesel • Biodiesel History • Raw Materials • Production Process • Application in Vehicles • Pros vs. Cons

16. Biodiesel History • Rudolf Diesel • Ran with peanut oil • Optimistic about biofuels for future • 1st Diesel Engine, 1893 • Alterations because of low petroleum prices “The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and coal-tar products at the present time.” (Rudolf Diesel, 1920)

17. Biodiesel Raw Materials Raw Materials • Sunflower Oil • Rapeseed (Canola) • Waste Cooking Oils • Animal Fats • Soybean Oil • Jatropha • Cashews • Algae • Etc....

18. Biodiesel Production • Production • Transesterification of oils and fats • Seperate glycerin and methyl esters • Uses Methanol or Ethanol and catalysts

19. Advantages vs. Disadvantages

20. Biogas • Raw Materials • Production Process • Application in Vehicles • Pros vs. Cons

21. Biogas Raw Materials • Manure • Food Residues • Biomass • Sewage • Landfills • Glycerin • Rubber • Fats Mats Eklund and his V70 Bi-fuel

22. Biogas Production • Anaerobic fermentation of organic matter • Produces methane and CO2

23. Bi-Fuel Vehicle System • 2 Tanks (Gasoline <Petrol> and CNG) • Choice Between CNG or Biogas and Gasoline • Automatic Switch and/or Manual Switch

24. Advantages vs. Disadvantages

25. Straight Vegetable Oil • Application in Vehicles

26. Straight Vegetable Oil • Car runs on vegetable oil! • Must be a diesel • Requires special conversion • How it works... • Vegetable Oil Cleaned • Vegetable Oil Heated • Injected into pistons

28. The Biofuels Debate Scientists Media Politicians

29. Are biofuels Sustainable? Brazilian Exploitation of Labor • Depletion of Rain forests for sugar cane and palm? • Is it really carbon neutral? • Increased NOx levels (Some biodiesel feedstocks) • Exploitation of Developing Countries by Europe and USA

30. Biofuels diverting crops Effects • Corn prices rising • Soy bean prices rising • More crops for biofuels Results • Corn product prices increasing • E.g. Mexican Tortillas • Animal Feed prices rising • Milk prices rising • Cereal prices rising

31. Supporters

32. Contesters

33. Environmental Performance Improvements • Pål Börjesson Example • Synergies and Symbiosis Measures • Biofuel specific crops • Use biofuels for production

34. Synergies and Symbiosis

35. Cashew Biodiesel, Tanzania

36. Synergies in Biofuel Production Biofuels Production • Biodiesel byproducts for biogas production • Glycerin • Seedcakes • Fruits, Shells • Use of ethanol for transesterification process • Replacement of Methanol • Trapping of CO2 for photosynthesis of biomass for biofuels • Algae for biodiesel • Use of discarded plant components to produce biofuels • Mixture of waste products with feedstocks for production of biofuels • Manure mixed with other by-products for biogas production

37. Symbiosis Options • Biofuel Production Systems • Utilization of waste heat from incinerators • Seedcakes and malt used as high protein fodder • Replace soy imports • Sharing Transportation, Heating and Water Supplies

38. Future Possibilities, Algae

39. Biodiesel for Tanzania • Purpose • Feasibility Study • Raw Materials • Actors • Purchasing • Small Scale LOCAL usage • Aims • Introduction of Sustainability • Alleviation of petroleum imports • Local Economy • Bring electricity and development to Tanzania

40. Ageratec AB, Norrköping • Small to Large Scale Production • Batch Processing • Online Support Systems • Water Free Production • Methanol (Ethanol) Recovery • Portable, Affordable Options

41. Other Customers • European Market • Developing Countries

42. Conclusions • Biofuels are relevant for vehicles today • Biofuels do not come without debate • Synergies will alleviate energy concerns and improve biofuels performance measures • Balance between crops for biofuels and food must be found • Future innovations are crucial for success Tack så mycket!