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Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for Transport in Europe

Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for Transport in Europe. G. Jungmeier JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Austria Biomass & Bioenergy Confenrece 2008 27 th – 29 th February, Estonia Fair Center, Tallinn, Estonia. Greenhouse Gas Concentration in Atmosphere. Source: IPCC 2007. Observed Changes.

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Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for Transport in Europe

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  1. Environmental Aspects of the Biofuels for Transport in Europe G. Jungmeier JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Austria Biomass & Bioenergy Confenrece 2008 27th – 29th February, Estonia Fair Center, Tallinn, Estonia

  2. Greenhouse Gas Concentration in Atmosphere Source: IPCC 2007

  3. ObservedChanges Source: IPCC 2007

  4. Outline Outlook Examples FT-Diesel Assessment of Biofuels Overview Biofuels Introduction

  5. Global AnthropogenicGreenhouse Gas Emissions 2004 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  6. Greenhouse GasEmissions per Sector 2004 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  7. Development GreenhouseGas Emissions per Sector 2004 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  8. Vehicle Ownership 1900 - 2003 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  9. Global Energy Flow 2005 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  10. Global Energy Flow Outlook 2030 Source: www.ipcc.ch

  11. Overview of the Global Potential of Biomass for Energy World Primary Energy consumption (2006): 400 EJ/a

  12. Role of Biofuels in the Energy Economy System Long term goal High efficient sustainable energy system based on 100% renewable energy Increasing of Energy Security e.g. domestic renewable energy Reduction of local pollutants e.g. PM10, NOx Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, e.g. Kyoto-Target: minus 13% (2008-2012 ref. 1990) (further) Increase of using Renewable Energy e.g. biofuels, solar energy Increasing of Energy Efficiency in energy conversion, e.g. hybrid vehicles “Energy Saving” – Reduction of useful energy consumption with same energy service, e.g. insulation of buildings

  13. Outline Outlook Examples FT-Diesel Assessment of Biofuels Overview Biofuels Introduction

  14. Overview Transportation Biofuels1st and 2nd Generation • (pure) Vegetable oil • Biodiesel • conventional biodiesel via esterification • hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration • Bioethanol • conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch • lignocellulosic bioethanol • Biobutanol • Biogas • Synthetic biofuels • Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel) • Synthetic natural gas (SNG) • Dimethylester (DME) • Methanol • Synthetic hydrogen • Biological hydrogen • (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil • Biofuels from direct liquifaction • HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading • CLC-Biofuels from catalytic low temperature conversion

  15. Overview Transportation Biofuels1st Generation • (pure) Vegetable oil • Biodiesel • conventional biodiesel via esterification • hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration • Bioethanol • conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch • lignocellulosic bioethanol • Biobutanol • Biogas • Synthetische Biotreibstoffe • Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel) • Synthetic natural gas (SNG) • Dimethylester (DME) • Methanol • Synthetic hydrogen • Biological hydrogen • (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil • Biofuels from direct liquifaction • HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading • CLC-Biofuels from catalytic low temperature conversion

  16. Overview Transportation Biofuels2nd Generation • (pure) vegetable oil • Biodiesel • conventional biodiesel via esterification • hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration • Bioethanol • conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch • lignocellulosic bioethanol • Biobutanol • Biogas • Synthetic biofuels • Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (z.B. FT-Diesel) • Synthetic natural gas (SNG) • Dimethylester (DME) • Methanol • Synthetic hydrogen • Biological hydrogen • (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil • Biofuels from direct liquifaction • HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading • CLC-Biofuels from catalytic low temperature conversion

  17. OverviewBiomass Raw Materials • oil crops e.g. rape, sunflower • sugar crops: e.g. sugar beet, sugar cane • starch crops: e.g. wheat, maize • - lignocellulosic-crops: e.g. short rotation forestry, miscanthus • residues: e.g. straw, manure, grass Agriculture Biomass resources Forestry Trade & Industry • sawn industry residues: e.g. bark • wood industry wastes: e.g. shavings • food and feed industry residues • bark • black liquour • organic fraction of MSW • sewage sludge • Residues from thinning • Residues from harvesting

  18. From Raw Material to Transportation Biofuels Currently about 40 combinations Raw material/Conversion/Biofuel under discussion Transportation Biofuels (pure) Vegetable oil Biodiesel Bioethanol Biobutanol Biogas Synthetic biofuels Biological hydrogen (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil Biofuels from direct liquifaction Conversion processes • Bio-chemical • Thermo-chemical • Physical-chemical • others e.g. hydration Raw materials • Oil crops • Sugar crops • Starch crops • Lignocellulosic crops • Residues • others

  19. State of Technology Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  20. State of Technology Vegetable oil Conventional biodiesel Conventional bioethanol Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  21. State of Technology Vegetable oil Biolog. hydrogen Biomethanol Conventional biodiesel Conventional bioethanol Pyrolyses oil CLC-biofuel Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  22. State of Technology Vegetable oil Biolog. hydrogen Biomethanol Hydrotreated biodiesel Conventional biodiesel Conventional bioethanol Pyrolyses oil Biogas CLC-biofuel Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  23. State of Technology Fischer-Tropsch (FT)-Biofuel Vegetable oil Biolog. hydrogen Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Biomethanol Bio-DME Hydrotreated biodiesel Conventional biodiesel Biobutanol Conventional bioethanol (ligno)cellulosic bioethanol Pyrolyses oil Biogas CLC-biofuel HTU-biofuel Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  24. State of Technology 2nd generation 1st generation Fischer-Tropsch (FT)-Biofuel Vegetable oil Biolog. hydrogen Synthetic natural gas (SNG) Biomethanol Bio-DME Hydrotreated biodiesel Conventional biodiesel Biobutanol Conventional bioethanol (ligno)cellulosic bioethanol Pyrolyses oil Biogas CLC-biofuel HTU-biofuel Process developing unit PDU Commercial plant Pilotplant Lab-scale Demoplant

  25. Outline Outlook Examples FT-Diesel Assessment of Biofuels Overview Biofuels Introduction

  26. LCA Methodology Common methodology available • According to • ISO 14 040 „Life Cycle assessment“ • Standard Methodology of IEA Bioenergy Task 38 „Greenhouse Gas Balances of Bioenergy systems“ • Recommendations of COST Action E9 „Life Cycle Assess- ment of Forestry and Forest Products“ • JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR: Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context

  27. Processes of LCA for Biofuels Area Biomasse Biomass Production Fossil Energy extraction Reference- use Biomass Transport Fossil Energy Transport By-products Biofuel Production Refinery Biofuel Distribution Fossil Fuel Distribution Conventional products Fossil Fuel Vehicle Biofuel Vehicle Biofuels Reference System Transportation Service

  28. Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels fossil fuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007

  29. Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels fossil fuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007

  30. Greenhouse Gas EmissionsTechnology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels fossil fuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007

  31. Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007 fossil fuels

  32. Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007 fossil fuels

  33. Primary Energy Consumption Technology 2010 - 2020 2nd generation biofuels 1st generation biofuels Source: JRC/CONCAWE/EUCAR 2007 fossil fuels

  34. Outline Outlook Examples FT-Diesel Assessment of Biofuels Overview Biofuels Introduction

  35. Polygeneration of WoodFT-Diesel Demonstration-Plant Biofuel Wood Electricity Heat

  36. Scheme Polygeneration of FT-Biofuel&Electricity&Heat

  37. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - 87%

  38. Outline Outlook Examples FT-Diesel Assessment of Biofuels Overview Biofuels Introduction

  39. Major Influenceson Environmental Aspects amount of renewable energy in the energy system fuel consumption of vehicle use of by-products heating value: e.g. bioethanol propulsion system e.g. N2O biomass resource uncertainty concerning future technology development Environmental performance

  40. Indicators for „Sustainable Biomass“ result Certification of biomasse raw materials and biofuels • Environment: • Greenhouse gas balance (> 35%) • Land use change • Change of carbon storage pools • Loss of biodiversity • Competition • agriculture for food and feed • forestry: construction materials, wooden products, local energy use • Others: soil erosion, water resource, plant protection agents, GMOs... • Economic prosperity: e.g. labour creation, land owner ship • Social welfare: e.g. working conditions, healthiness

  41. Types of results: mix development 3. Full-chain biofuels cost analysis

  42. Types of results: resource mix 3. Full-chain biofuels cost analysis

  43. Outlook Source: 4th Assessment Report, www.ipcc.ch

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