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The Life of a Plant. Structure and Function Nutrition and Transport Control Systems Asexual Reproduction. Structure and Function. A. Cellular B. Tissues C. Organs. A. Cell types a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma_. B. Tissues. 1. Epidermis- covers & protects
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The Life of a Plant Structure and Function Nutrition and Transport Control Systems Asexual Reproduction
Structure and Function A. Cellular B. Tissues C. Organs
A. Cell types a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma_
B. Tissues 1. Epidermis- covers & protects 2. Vascular- transports a. xylem- water & minerals b. phloem- sugars 3. Ground- space filler a. cortex b. pith c. endodermis_
C. Organs 1. Roots a. absorb water and nutrients b. anchor plant_
2. Stems a. support leaves b. transport food and nutrients_
3. Leaves a. site of photosynthesis b. waxy cuticle c. stomata w/guard cells_
4. Flowers • -attract pollinators • Four rings of modified leaves • Sepals • Petals • Stamens • -filament • -anther: pollen grains (male gametophytes) • Carpels(Pistil) • -stigma • -style • -ovary • -ovule: contains female gametophyte_
Nutrition and Transport A. Source of Plant Mass B. Transporting Sap C. Alternate nutrition
A. Source of Plant Mass • CO 2 • Water • Minerals • N-protein & nucleic acid synthesis • S-Protein synthesis • P-Nucleic acid & ATP synthesis • K-Protein synthesis; regulation of osmosis • Ca-Cell walls;Enzyme activity • Mg-Chlorophyll;enzyme activity_ click
Nutrition and Transport A. Source of Plant Mass B. Transporting Sap C. Alternate nutrition
B. Transport of Sap • Roots absorb water & minerals • Surface area increased: • Root hairs • Micorrhizae • 1. Root pressure • Energy (ATP) used to accumulate minerals • Endodermis • Water enters via: • OSMOSIS_
2. Transpiration • Stronger than root pressure • Upward • Turgor pressure • Evaporative cooling • Loss 220L/hr in summer! • Stomata • Day-open, CO2in • Accumulate K+ • Night-close or when H2O loss. click Plants with tracheids are tracheophytes (aka vascular plants)_
A. Flow of Phloem Sap • 1. Moves sucrose & other organic compounds • 2. Sieve tube members: • Alive but lose nuclei &other organelles, require companion cells to function_
A. From Source to Sink • 1. source: leaves, sugar produced • 2. sink: sugar is used or stored • 3. Locations change w/seasons: • Beet taproots or potato tubers-sugar sink in summer • Early spring-source for growth of new stems or leaves
Pressure Flow Mechanism Sugar is produced in the source (mature leaf) Actively transported into sieve tube member High concentration sugar: water follows by osmosis High pressure at source end Sink end: sugar leaves Water follows (flows from high pressure to low) Sap flows through phloem from high concentration & high H2O pressure to areas low sugar concentration & water pressure : FROM SOURCE TO SINK
Nutrition and Transport A. Source of Plant Mass B. Transporting Sap C. Alternate nutrition
C. Alternate Nutrition 1. Carnivorous
A. Alternate Nutrition 1. Carnivorous 2. Epiphytes
A. Alternate Nutrition 1. Carnivorous 2. Epiphytes 3. Parasites
A. Alternate Nutrition 1. Carnivorous 2. Epiphytes 3. Parasites
Vegetative propagation • Propagation by people Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction • Clones a. Vegetative propagation • Runner (stolon)
Asexual Reproduction • Clones • Vegetative propagation • Runner (stolon) • Rhizome
Asexual Reproduction • Clones • Vegetative propogation • Runner (stolon) • Rhizome • Bulb
Asexual Reproduction • Clones • Vegetative propogation • Runner (stolon) • Rhizome • Bulb • tuber
b. Propagation by People • Cuttings • Layering • Grafting
b. Propagation by People • Cuttings • Layering • Grafting • Tissue Culture
Plant Hormones • Plant Movements • Seasonal Responses Control Systems
Control Systems a. Hormones (growth regulators) • Auxins-cell elongation • Can increase growth in numerous plant parts • Giberellins-increase elongation growth • Ehtylene- fruit ripening • Cytokinins-cell division • Absicisic acid-blocks growth • Promotes dormancy
Tropisms Phototropism-light Thigmotropism-touch Gravitropism-gravity Chemotropism-pollen tube grows toward ovule Nastic Movements Thigmonastic Movement Nyctinastic movement_ b. Plant Movements
c. Seasonal Responses • Photoperiodism • Critical Night Length • Vernalization • Fall Colors_