Monroe to Jackson

1. Monroe to Jackson The Development of the Age of the “Common Man”

2. Pics

3. 8. Nationalism and Economic Expansion: James Monroe: Era of Good Feelings Panic of 1819 Settlement of the West Missouri Compromise Foreign Affairs: Canada, Florida, the Monroe Doctrine Election of 1824: end of the Virginia Dynasty Economic Revolution Early Railroads Expansion of business Beginning of factory system Early labor movement; women Social mobility; extremes of wealth The cotton revolution in the South Commercial agriculture 9. Sectionalism The South Cotton Kingdom Southern trade and industry Southern Society and culture Gradations of White Society Nature of slavery: “Peculiar Institution” The mind of the South The North Northeast Industry Labor Immigration Urban Slums Northwest agriculture Westward Expansion Advance of agriculture frontier Significance of the Frontier Life on the Frontier; squatters Removal of American Indians AP Outline

4. Setting the StageWhat is the significance of this passage? • “We stand at this moment (1821) on the brink of fate, on the very edge of the precipice…. We are no longer to remain plain and simple republics of farmers, like New England colonist, or Dutch settlements on the Hudson. We are fast becoming a great nation, with great commerce, manufactures, population, wealth, luxuries, and with vices and miseries that they engender.”

5. Themes Continued • Western Expansion- people move West, Indian land is confiscated • Conflict and Compromise: Slavery expands with the movement of people West causes political compromises (Missouri Compromise) • Industrialization- factories, cities, immigration • Transportation- networks increase, roads (Turnpikes), canals, steamboats (Fulton), railroads increase in this period

6. The Madisonian Platform=the American System • After the War there is a huge feeling of Nationalism- • The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or • Pride in one’s country, usually excessive • Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the Federal Government: • Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national university

7. Madison’s Platform • Military • Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United States -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816- • became economically strong • McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the Bank was legal and states could not tax it. • Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and faster • Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff • Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.

8. James Monroe 1817-1825Virginian, worked as Secretary of State for Madison

9. Era of “Good Feelings” • “Era of Good Feelings” Is a common term related to the period of time where there was a drastic reduction of political infighting, (Federalists are all but extinct) • International problems are drastically reduced • High level of Nationalism and optimism • People in the US are on the move economically, and geographically (Westward Expansion) • Nationalism- • The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or • Pride in one’s country, usually excessive • Americans look inward to develop- • West/transportation/economic development/ • Problem-sectionalism continues

10. Republicans Change Views 1816-29 • Madison’s Platform • Now Supported large navy • Supported Charter of Second Bank of US • Protective Tariff • Internal Improvements

11. The American System • Similar to Madison’s Platform ideas (Clay is associated with supporting plan) • 1. Protective Tariff- to pay for improvements • 2. National Bank- organize finances of the government • 3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen)

12. Panic of 1819 • In the years before 1819 European countries were disrupted by Napoleon’s War- • American goods- cotton and agriculture were in high demand, causing prices to rise • Cotton 1815-.20 cents lb • 1816-.30 cents lb • 1818-.33 cents lb • Causes land prices to rise, many land speculators and farmers borrow $ to buy land, • When the price of goods goes down due to reduced demand, farmers, speculators and banks go broke- this causes a depression for 6 years.

13. Webster, Calhoun and Clay • Three Congressmen will help temper Sectional Interests and help make compromises for a generation.

14. Webster (North) • Congressman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts 1812-1852 • Whig • Anti-Slavery views • Wants to preserve the Union • “Liberty and Union now and forever one and inseparable.” • Manufacturing interests- • Party to a number of Compromises • Great Orator

15. Calhoun (Mr. Southerner) • Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina 1811-1850 • Strongest Advocate of States’ Rights • Starts as Dem-Republican • Later will be part of Democratic party • In favor of securing Slavery • Secretary of War for Monroe • Will become Vice President in • Jackson’s first Admin • Supports Nullification

16. John C. Calhoun said • About Henry Clay: • “I don’t like Henry Clay, he’s a bad man an imposter, a creator of wicked schemes. I wouldn’t speak to him but by god I love him.”

17. Clay (West) • Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky 1811-1849 (died in office) • “War Hawk” (Pro-War of 1812) • Sponsored “American System” • Internal Improvements • Transportation network • National Bank • Protective Tariff • Brokers the Missouri Compromise- to preserve the Union • Runs for President a few times (1824) • Whig Party

18. Foreign Policy Under Monroe • John Quincy Adams, the son of President John Adams, of Massachusetts, Secretary of State for Monroe • Follows a Nationalist policy • Expand American Territory • Reduce European Influence in the Western Hemisphere

19. Canada, Florida, and the Monroe Doctrine • Adams negotiated Anglo-American Convention set a final settlement to the border of Canada- 49° parallel – legitimacy of Louisiana Purchase • Adams-Onis Treaty (Spain) 1819- • Florida, after War of 1812, • Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson to kill indians • Seminole Indians in Florida- • Adams was able to get the Spanish to sell Florida to US in exchange for assumption of American Claims from the Napoleonic Wars

20. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Latin America was in the process of gaining independence from Spain • European powers threatened to reassert control in the Western Hemisphere • Adams wrote: • No (New) European Colonization in Western Hemisphere • Isolation (US will not intervene in European Wars) • Non-Intervention (Europeans were to keep their hands off the Americas) • Significance/Effects- Americans will cite the Monroe Doctrine in future issues of Foreign Policy • British Support

21. Monroe Doctrine • Adams: “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” • “Our policy in regard to Europe … is not to interfere in the internal concerns of its power.”

22. Sectional Crisis and Expansion: Missouri Compromise • 1819 Missouri wants to enter the Union as a slave state • The issue of Slavery emerges again • North and South don’t want to lose power ie., votes in Congress (states had entered in pairs slave/free especially the Senate) • 1819- 11 free and 11 slaves states

23. Missouri Compromise • Daniel Webster creates a deal • Missouri enters the union as a slave state • Maine enters as a free state • Territory of the Louisiana purchase above 36°30’ could not have slavery • The Compromise resulted in stability of the Union • It also resulted in increased sectional/political division

24. Missouri comp map

25. Election of 1824 • Jackson, Adams, Clay • No clear majority in Electoral College • According to the 12th amendment, • House of Reps choose between the top three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes • Clay throws support to Adams • Jackson won the popular vote, popular in the WEST as a military hero- stood for slavery, nationalism, protective tariff, • Adams won the Electoral Vote • Jackson will claim a “Corrupt Bargain” was struck between Adams and Clay- appointed Secretary of State) • Resulted in the SPLITING OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

26. 1824 Elect

27. Democratic Party, Supporters of Jackson will unite (Closer to Jeffersonian Republicans) Whig Party Supporters of Henry Clay (closer to Federalists) 1. Protective Tariff- to pay for improvements 2. National Bank- organize finances of the government 3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen) New Parties Emerge