Monroe to Jackson

1. Monroe to Jackson The Development of the Age of the “Common Man”

2. Pics

3. Themes • Western Expansion- people move West, Indian land is confiscated • Conflict and Compromise: Slavery expands with the movement of people West causes political compromises (Missouri Compromise) • Industrialization- factories, cities, immigration • Transportation- networks increase, roads (Turnpikes), canals, steamboats (Fulton), railroads increase in this period

4. The Madisonian Platform=the American System • After the War of 1812 and the downfall of the federalist party (Hartford Convention) there is a huge feeling of Nationalism- • The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or • Pride in one’s country, usually excessive • Madison unveils a program to develop the country through the leadership of the Federal Government: • Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal improvements (roads, canals), and a national university

5. Madison’s Platform • Military • Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United States -first bank, time ran out and paper money issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816- • became economically strong • McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the Bank was legal and states could not tax it. • Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods, cheaper, and faster • Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff • Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic reasons.

6. James Monroe 1817-1825Virginian, worked as Secretary of State for Madison

7. Monroe’s Elections: 1816, 1820 Monroe won by some of the biggest electoral college totals in U.S. political history; Federalist Party did not even exist by 1820 Note the addition of five new states between 1816 and 1820; reflects the growth of the U.S.

8. Era of “Good Feelings” • “Era of Good Feelings” Is a common term related to the period of time where there was a drastic reduction of political infighting, (Federalists are all but extinct) • International problems are drastically reduced • High level of Nationalism and optimism • People in the US are on the move economically, and geographically (Westward Expansion) • Nationalism- • The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or • Pride in one’s country, usually excessive • Americans look inward to develop- • West/transportation/economic development/ • Problem-sectionalism continues

9. Republicans Change Views 1816-29 • Follows Madison’s Platform • Now Supported large navy • Supported Charter of Second Bank of US • Protective Tariff • Internal Improvements

10. The American System • Similar to Madison’s Platform ideas (Clay is associated with supporting plan) • 1. Protective Tariff- to pay for improvements • 2. National Bank- organize finances of the government • 3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen)

11. Panic of 1819 • In the years before 1819 European countries were disrupted by Napoleon’s War- • American goods- cotton and agriculture were in high demand, causing prices to rise • Cotton 1815-.20 cents lb • 1816-.30 cents lb • 1818-.33 cents lb • Causes land prices to rise, many land speculators and farmers borrow $ to buy land, • When the price of goods goes down due to reduced demand, farmers, speculators and banks go broke- this causes a depression for 6 years.

12. Webster, Calhoun and Clay • Three Congressmen will help temper Sectional Interests and help make compromises for a generation.

13. Daniel Webster • Congressman Daniel Webster of Massachusetts • 1812-1852

14. Webster (North) • By the 1820s, three distinct regions were emerging in America • The North was characterized by: • growing industry (especially textile mills in New England) • urbanization (ex: New York City) • increasing immigration (especially from Germany and Ireland) • reform movements to better society, including abolition movements • support for strong national government, including the “American system” • Daniel Webster of Massachusetts emerged as a leading spokesman of this region

15. John C. Calhoun • Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina • 1811-1850

16. Calhoun (Mr. Southerner) • The South was based on: • support for states’ rights and a weak national government • commitment to the continuation and expansion of slavery • the growth of “King Cotton” as the major money maker • a hierarchical society, in which wealthy planters dominated society and had most of the political power • opposition to tariffs and federal support for infrastructure; these policies only benefitted the North and West • Supported the idea of “Nullification” • John C. Calhoun of South Carolina emerged as the major spokesman

17. Henry Clay • Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky • 1811-1849 (died in office)

18. Clay (West) • This region included the entire Trans-Appalachian region but eventually became associated with the Midwestern and Far Western states and territories • The West’s interests were based on: • westward settlement by pioneers • agricultural boom due to the growing demand for grain to feed Americans • a positive economic relationship with the Northeastern states, which provided manufactured goods in exchange for food • support for tariffs and infrastructure projects to tie the country together • neutrality on the slavery issue • Henry Clay of Kentucky emerged as the spokesman for this region

19. Foreign Policy Under Monroe • John Quincy Adams, the son of President John Adams, of Massachusetts. • Secretary of State for Monroe • Follows a Nationalist policy • Expand American Territory • Reduce European Influence in the Western Hemisphere

20. Canada, Florida, and the Monroe Doctrine • Adams negotiated British-American Convention (Treaty of 1818 ) set a final settlement to the border of Canada- 49° parallel – legitimacy of Louisiana Purchase • Adams-Onis Treaty (Spain) 1819- • Florida, after War of 1812, • Monroe ordered Andrew Jackson protect the Georgia border • Seminole Indians in Florida- • Adams was able to get the Spanish to sell Florida to US in exchange for assumption of American Claims from the Napoleonic Wars

21. Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Latin America was in the process of gaining independence from Spain • European powers threatened to reassert control in the Western Hemisphere • Adams wrote: • No (New) European Colonization in Western Hemisphere • Isolation (US will not intervene in European Wars) • Non-Intervention (Europeans were to keep their hands off the Americas) • Significance/Effects- Americans will cite the Monroe Doctrine in future issues of Foreign Policy • British Support

22. Monroe Doctrine • Adams: “The American continents are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power.” • “Our policy in regard to Europe … is not to interfere in the internal concerns of its power.”

23. Sectional Crisis and Expansion: Missouri Compromise • 1819 Missouri wants to enter the Union as a slave state • The issue of Slavery emerges again • North and South don’t want to lose power (i.e., votes in Congress (states had entered in pairs slave/free especially the Senate)) • 1819- 11 free and 11 slaves states

24. Missouri Compromise • Henry Clay works out a deal, • Missouri enters the union as a slave state • Maine enters as a free state • Territory of the Louisiana purchase above 36°30’ could not have slavery • The Compromise resulted in stability of the Union…for now • It also resulted in increased sectional/political division

25. Missouri comp map

26. Election of 1824 • Jackson, Adams, Clay, Crawford • No clear majority in Electoral College • According to the 12th amendment, • House of Reps choose between the top three candidates with the highest number of electoral votes • Clay throws support to Adams • Jackson won the popular vote, popular in the WEST as a military hero- stood for slavery, nationalism, protective tariff • John Quincy Adams wins • Jackson will claim a “Corrupt Bargain” was struck between Adams and Clay- appointed Secretary of State) • Resulted in the SPLITING OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY

27. 1824 Elect

28. New Parties Emerge • Democratic Party, Supporters of Jackson will unite (Closer to Jeffersonian Republicans) • Whig Party Supporters of Henry Clay (closer to Federalists) • 1. Protective Tariff- to pay for improvements • 2. National Bank- organize finances of the government • 3. Internal Improvements- roads, canals (this became an issue for some states’ rights congressmen)