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B. Constitution=Bundle of Compromises 1. Virginia Plan:Brand new gov’t w/ Central Powers

B. Constitution=Bundle of Compromises 1. Virginia Plan:Brand new gov’t w/ Central Powers a. 3 branches: Exec, Leg, Jud b. Bicameral Congress c. Congress selects exec. and jud. officers d. Rep. in Congress based on pop. for both houses 1)Lower House: Popularly Elected

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B. Constitution=Bundle of Compromises 1. Virginia Plan:Brand new gov’t w/ Central Powers

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  1. B. Constitution=Bundle of Compromises • 1. Virginia Plan:Brand new gov’t w/ Central Powers • a. 3 branches: Exec, Leg, Jud • b. Bicameral Congress • c. Congress selects exec. and jud. officers • d. Rep. in Congress based on pop. for both houses • 1)Lower House: Popularly Elected • 2)Upper House: Chosen by Lower House • e. Congress has same powers, can now force states to obey. • f. Nat’l Gov’t given addtl powers (army, tax)

  2. 2. New Jersey Plan: Small States, only revise articles. • a. Unicameral Congress: Each state equal (1 vote) • b. More powers to Congress: tax, treaties, trade • c. Plural Executive: Appointed by Congress • d. National Sup. Ct.: Appt. by execs for life.

  3. 3. Great Compromise (Conn. Compromise): Between large/small states over rep. into Natl Congress. • a.Lower House (House of Reps): Represent the people, representation based on pop. (favors large states) • b.Upper House (Senate): Created to represent states, based on equality, 2 per state (favors small states) • c.Revenue (tax) bills can only be introduced in the lower house.

  4. 4. 3/5 Compromise: Between Free and Slaves States • a. North: Count slaves into pop. for tax purposes, but not for representation into the lower house. • b. South: Count slaves for rep. purposes, but not for tax. • c. Results: 3 out of every 5 slaves would be counted into the state’s population for both purposes.

  5. 5. Economic Compromises: Industrial North vs. Agricultural South • a.Industrial: Wanted Congress to have power to regulate trade, impose import/export duties. • b.Agricultural: Didn’t want Gov’t intereference w/ exportation of cotton or importation of slaves. • c.Results: Congress can tax imports, not exports, couldn’t prohibit slave trade until 1808, Pres. can make treaties but w/ 2/3 vote in Senate.

  6. 6. Compromises over Presidency • a.single or plural: single chief executive • b.chosen by people, states, or Congress: Electoral College (all). • c.Life or specified term: 4 year term, unlimited • d.How to check powers: a system of checks and balances created. • e.what powers?: limited but included his role of commander-in-chief • f.Qualifications: natural-born citizenship, residency, age (35)

  7. 7. Conditions necessary for compromise • a. Each side must want to find a solution • b. Each side must see a benefit to both sides in any concession it offers. • c. Both sides must be assured of saving face and power • d. Positions of both sides must be fairly close to begin with.

  8. C. The struggle Ratification (approval) • 1. Federalists: Favored new constitution, wanted and needed a strong central gov’t to protect property and interests. • a. Upper Class • b. Dominated Convention: Changed rules, only 9 needed to agree (RI wouldn’t) • c. Ratification in special ratifying conventions, people vote for delegates cuz state legislatures ( wouldn’t approve) • d. Voting requirements favored Feds

  9. e. Voting in cities (stronghold) • f. Wanted to act quickly, avoid opposition organizing • g. Better educated, more to gain, well-organized, could afford campaign costs. • h.Federalist Papers: Propaganda by Madison, Hamilton, John Jay to convince ratification. 85 anonymous essays to get NY to ratify

  10. i. Stressed everyone’s interests protected under the new gov’t. • 1) Local Communities by the House of Representatives. • 2) States by the Senate • 3) The nation by the President • 4) Individuals by the courts

  11. 2. Anti-Federalists: Those who opposed • a. Feared a strong central gov’t. • b. Weakened the states. • c. Suspicious President • d. Suspicious of Elastic Clause: Gave Congress powers beyond those in const. • e. Disliked standing army. • f. No Bill of Rights.

  12. g. Convention closed to public. • h. Pres., Senators, Judges, not directly elected by people. • i. Senate made treaties. • j. Fed. cts. could overturn state cts. • k. Gov’t controlled by elites • l. Taxation power: Too great • m. Allowed Slavery

  13. 3. Ratification: 9 states had to approve • a. Delaware first (Dec 1787) • b. New Hampshire 9th state (June 1788) • c. NY and VA still not in: To get their support Federalists promised to amend Const. w/ Bill of Rights.

  14. Federalist Counter-arguments • 1) Trade Regulated and taxes levied. • 2) Create Military • 3) National Court System • 4) Easier to pass laws • 5) Easier to amend (not too easy) • 6) Pres. Provides leadership • 7) Uniformity: $, Foreign affairs, treaty, Commerce • 8) Separation of powers safeguards liberty.

  15. 9) Republican Gov’t can exist in large states, factions fight one another. • 10) Powers of Congress are limited. • 11) Nat’l gov’t will be checked by people who will be more loyal to their states • 12) 2nd term: allows for experience

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