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17 September Thursday

17 September Thursday. Odds and Ends Alpha halogenation of aldehydes and ketones 22.3 and carboxylic acids 22.4 Carboxylic acids 21.8 Carbonyl compounds 23.13 Biological applications in TCA cycle. 3 important chemicals and their reactions for biological chemistry.

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17 September Thursday

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  1. 17 September Thursday Odds and Ends Alpha halogenation of aldehydes and ketones 22.3 and carboxylic acids 22.4 Carboxylic acids 21.8 Carbonyl compounds 23.13 Biological applications in TCA cycle 3 important chemicals and their reactions for biological chemistry • NADH/NAD+ (see Figure 19.15 page 725) • CoA (coenzyme A, Figure 21.9) • Phosphate hydrolysis and bond formation

  2. 1. NADH/NAD+ - oxidising / reducing agent Oxidation Reduction NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ NAD+ In a biochem textbook Actual (see Fig 19.15) Short Form ( use when Answering questions)

  3. 1. Coenzyme A – See Figure 21.9 Good nucleophile and good leaving group thiol thiolate ion e.g. Proton transfer

  4. 3. Phosphate group HOPO32- • P has 5 bonds (not 4) – in most biological phosphates • O is negative charge – can behave like nucleophile • P has formal positive charge – can behave like electrophile • like Carbonyl group C=O Phosphate as electrophile

  5. Phosphate as nucleophile Proton transfer

  6. Glycolysis and TCA cycle ( p. 1144) Glucose Esterification/nucleophilic subsitution on P Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone Nucleophilic substitutionKeto enol tautomerisation (p 1146) Retro aldol reactiion ( p 1147) Acetyl CoA+oxaloacetate Citrate Aldol reactiion ( p 1156) Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate Oxidation with NAD+ and decarboxylation Homework: mechanism of fumarate to malate oxalosuccinate to a-ketoglutarate

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