徳川 日本 EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868

1. 徳川日本 EDO JAPAN: 1603-1868

2. Early Modern Japan 1603-1854 Also known as… Edo Period Tokugawa Period

3. WHY IS TOKUGAWA IMPORTANT? • Formation of core values and norms for social interaction. • Critical transition from “feudal” to “pre-modern” society and economy. • The “closed country” (sakoku）policy should not be misunderstood as isolation or stagnation. • Case study in how historiography changes. • Creates conditions that enable Japan to modernize so rapidly in Meiji period (1968-1911).

4. The lead-up to Japan’s early modern period: • Three unifiers • Oda Nobunaga • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Tokugawa Ieyasu

5. Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582) Oda kamon (family crest) • Bring all of Japan “under a single sword” (tenka fubu) • Embrace of Westerners (Portuguese and Spanish traders, arrival of Christainity to Japan with Francis Xavier)

6. Nobunaga as administrator • Nobunaga the tactician • Use of muskets first imported from Portuguese traders • New military techniques and technologies • Encouraged the opening of markets by merchants in areas under his control, offering protection & tax immunity. Curbed the trade monopolies by occupational guilds (za). • Helped commerce by abolishing toll stations; encouraging the building of ships and the construction of new roads.

7. Nobunaga also strategically welcomed foreign traders and Christian missionaries, strengthening ties with the outside world.

8. Francis Xavier Jesuit missionary Brings Christianity to Japan 1542 17th century Japanese Bible

9. Westerners were the subjects of the so-called nanban (“southern barbarians”) genre of painting

10. The lead-up to Japan’s early modern period: • Three unifiers • Oda Nobunaga • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Tokugawa Ieyasu

11. Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598) A

12. Unification under Toyotomi Hideyoshi • By 1590, completes national unification started by Oda Nobunaga after Nobunaga’s assassination in 1582. • Strikes alliance with major rival Tokugawa Ieyasu, granting him Kanto as a fiefdom and a 2.5 million koku empire. • Named regent (kampaku) and eventually takes title of taiko (retired regent). Kanto

13. Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s domestic policies • Freeze the class structure (samurai can’t farm; peasant can’t leave the land or travel) • Measures to ensure more efficient tax collection: • National land survey to assess land value, 1582-1598 • Punishment for any peasant seeking tax exemptions. • Made the koku unitof rice(approximately 5 bushels) the standard measurement for rice & salaries of samurai

14. Domestic Policies: Class immobilization Hideyoshi’s Sword Hunt of 1588 (katana-gari) Collects swords from all members of the population except samurai, who now have the sole right to carry them.

15. The lead-up to Japan’s early modern period: • Three unifiers • Oda Nobunaga • Toyotomi Hideyoshi • Tokugawa Ieyasu

16. Tokugawa Ieyasu Grasps power after a decisive battle at Sekigahara on October 21, 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and establishes the Tokugawa shogunate (Tokugawa bakufu)

17. Major themes: • Pax Tokugawa • Rigid social structure and urbanization around new capital of Edo • Chonin culture: • theater: kabuki / bunraku • ukiyoe woodblock prints • popular literature

18. Capital city moves to Ieyasu’s domain of Kanto, capital city established at Edo (modern-day Tokyo)

19. 幕藩体制 Structure of Tokugawa government Edo shogunal HQ Tozama Daimyo Fudai Daimyo Shimpan Daimyo Opposed Tokugawa Sworn allies Related to Tokugawa (kinship)

20. Yellow: Han of tozama daimyo (opposition) Green: Tokugawa holdings Pink: Shimpan (kin) and fudai (allied) han Edo

21. Tokugawa Strategies • Internal: Establish controls over daimyo (regional warlords) • * collect weapons • * renew loyalty oath w/ new shogun • * all marriages approved by Tokugawa • * alternate attendance and hostage system • Use of modified hostage system to cement alliances • Controls on travel • Domestic travel: Barrier stations (seki) • International travel also strictly restricted

22. 参勤交代 Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate attendance system): Suppressed possibility of rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in Edo as hostages) Economic costs of travel on daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies

23. Sankin kotai (alternate attendance system) 参勤交代

24. Social Classes during the Tokugawa era Tokugawa hierarchy based on 4 hereditary “estates” which reflected Confucian values: Samurai Farmers Artisans Merchants shi nō kō shō shi-no-ko-sho 士農工商 “four class system” of warriors, farmers, artisans and merchants

25. shi no ko sho chonin　町人 hinin　非人

26. 侍 Samurai: • Literally, “one who serves” • 1/15 of the total population • Samurai themselves divided by hierarchy of ranks • Bound by code of ethics known as bushido • Special rights: • myoji-taito名字帯刀 “surname and sword(s)” • dai-sho 大小two swords (large and small) • kirisute-gomen 切捨て御免right to cut down offending commoners without rebuke seppuku切腹 right to ritual suicide (self-evisceration)

27. New social roles for samurai during the great Tokugawa peace • Teachers of schools of swordsmanship • Teachers • Poets, scholars, writers • Buddhist monks • Government posts -- civil administration

28. Neo-Confucianism Kansei Edict of 1790 made Neo-Confucians official philosophy of the shogunate. Adapt Confucianism into a social-legal system that will promote stability  Three components of Confucianism were useful to Tokugawa government 1. Reverence for past 2. Maintaining proper place in an unchanging hierarchy 3. Social hierarchy based on contributions to good of whole

29. Tokugawa-era commoner school (terakoya) for girls

30. Farmers & Peasants: • More than 80% of total population • Expected to conform to the ethos of frugality in their lifestyle. • Taxed 40-50% of the crops they produced. • Forbidden access to all recreation and games other than local festivals. • Required to provide labor for public works upon demand (construction of roads, bridges, etc.) • Governed by the village (mura) unit, led by the village headman.

31. Townspeople and Merchants: • Townsperson culture (chonin culture). • Lifestyles were strictly governed by sumptuary laws dictating what they could wear, where they could live, size of home, etc. • Major commercial centers emerge. • Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron. Kyoto - textiles, pottery. • Trade along the Tokaido Road

32. Bookstore in Edo

33. Travel

34. Utagawa print: 53 stations of the Tokaido Road: Barrier station • Travel

35. Travel

36. Tōkaidō road

37. Outcastes or • “non-persons” • The “invisible” class of occupational outcastes (butchers, leather tanners, etc). • Forced to live in designated districts of Edo. • Called eta or hinin (non-persons非人) • Often worked as itinerant entertainers. 1873 photograph by Shinichi Suzuki depicting leather workers (tanners). One man scrapes the hide of a slaughtered deer, while another seems to be discussing a piece of finished cat skin to cover an old samisen. On the right stands a young man with a load of pelts. Current events link: Google Map issue

38. Traveling Book and Print Salesman

39. The Three Entertainments • kabuki • sumo • Yoshiwara pleasure districts

40. Yoshiwara pleasure district

42. Hiroshige, “Crowds in the Theater Quarter” from 100 Famous Views ofEdo, 1848-1858.

43. Kabuki

44. Woodblock print of a kabuki actor

45. Bunraku puppet theater