Today’s Agenda

1. Today’s Agenda • Turn in Homework and Review Russian Revolution From Last Week • Open Notes Quiz • Goal For Today: Understand what “Total War” is and how WWI became one of the first examples of it. • Look at the challenges facing leaders after the war

2. Open Notes Quiz • What are two other names that WWI was also known by? • What was the name of the ship that that helped to bring the US into the war after it was sunk? • This battle on the Western Front was the bloodiest day in British history and resulted in over 1 million casualties. • This US president ended up bringing American into the war. • What weapon was used by Germany to help control parts of the Atlantic Ocean? • Term for when neither side can win or make progress? • This disastrous battle was designed to open up a vital strait in Turkey? • Term referring to information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc. Usually government Sponsored • Leader of the Bolshevik Party who Germany helped return to Russia

3. Plan for today • Review propaganda • Review what we talked about last week • Wrap up WWI (the fighting portion)

5. Total War • In a total war, there is less and sometimes no differentiation between combatants and non-combatants (civilians) as civilians and soldiers alike, can be considered to be part of the war effort. • Effect of Industrial Revolution

6. Role of Woman During the War • Women left to handle everything at home • Women begin working in war industries • Many become nurses or join armed forces • New sense of pride, confidence, independence • Leads to greater rights (voting, professional growth, etc)

7. America Enters the War • US enters late • “We have no selfish ends to serve” • Wilson’s 14 points • Freedom of seas, free trade, arms reductions, no more secret treaties, self-determination, organization to keep the peace. • Americans provide much needed support • Germany launches last major offensive (July 1918) and fails

8. Good Morning! Please Copy the Following Terms Into Your Notes • Reparations – Payments for damages (usually from war) • Self-Determination – Right of people to form their own form of government (usually to create an independent country). • Idealism – A tendency to view the world how it might or should be (belief in possibility to make positive change). • Ex) “The War to End All Wars” • Question: What would the opposite of idealism be?

9. End of War • Germany realizes war cannot be won • Kaiser William II forced to step down • Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria also decide to ask for peace • Armistice (agree to end fighting) 11:00, November 11, 1918

10. Now What? • What to do with: 1) Germany, Austria, and Europe as a whole 2) Disputed land 3) War debts (cost of war) 4) Prevent another war Allied Leaders Meet in Paris to create treaty

11. Clemenceau • Leader of France • Old man who had seen France invaded in 1870 as well as 1914 • France had suffered greatly during the war. • Known as a hard and uncompromising person (nicknamed the tiger). • Wants Germany to pay for what it had done to France and make sure Germany can never threaten France again.

12. Lloyd George • Prime Minister of Great Britain • Was a realist and saw the need for compromise • Knew that punishing Germany too much would cause problems • However, he had promised during election to punish Germany

13. Woodrow Wilson • An idealist and reformer who saw war as a means to end further conflict in the future. • Believed a league of nations that binds all nations together would be ideal • 14 points • Wanted a Europe that would still be able to trade with the US

14. Today • You will role play as one of these people • Goal: Work together to come up with a solution for what to do about Europe • Decisions should be influenced by your character’s personal beliefs as well what the people of your country want to see happen.

15. Problems to work out: 1) What to do with Germany, Austria, and a devastated Europe as a whole 2) Disputed land (who gets control of what) 3) War debts (cost of war) 4) How best to prevent another war

16. “The British General Election in December 1918 was punctuated by bellowings that the Kaiser should be hanged, that Germany should pay up….Few realised the harmful effects of uniformed and aggressive public opinion which had been aroused by years of war propaganda, and whipped up by the popular press…”

17. The terms of The Treaty of Versailles How would the German people have felt about the terms of the Treaty?

18. “War Guilt Clause” Germany had to accept total responsibility for starting the First World War.

19. Reparations Germany had to pay $30 billion (2.7 trillion in today’s dollars) to cover damage.

20. Land • Germany had to hand over 70,000 square kilometres of land. • Losses = • 13% of all of land • 6 million people living there

21. German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921 German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921 German Territorial Losses: 1919-1921

22. Colonies • Must be given up • Become “mandates” run by the Allies.

23. Limits on Military There was to be no airforce and no submarines Army = no more than 100,000 Navy = no more than 15,000 .

24. The German navy was only allowed 6 battleships • Germany forbidden to buy any more weapons.

25. An Allied Army was to occupy the Rhineland for a period of fifteen years. No German troops were to be allowed into the occupation zone.

26. Versailles Settlement in Europe les Settlement in Europe

27. New Nations

28. Legacy of Versailles • Germany embarrassed • Issues over land • Germany Lost too much • Italy and Japan felt they should have gotten more • Colonies and various ethnic groups ignored • Nationalism still an issue

29. After the Great War • A Global Depression • High inflation and weak economy in Germany

30. After the War (continued) • Effects of Propaganda • Greater Control of the Government • Paves way for dictators • Demographic (population) and psychological effects • The Lost Generation, “Shell Shock”, “Basket Cases” • Borders quickly drawn up (Middle East Especially)

31. League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East

32. Failure of the League of Nations • League of Nations • International Organization designed to settle problems through negotiation • US Doesn’t Join • Not passed in Congress • Hard to enforce

33. In Flanders Fields: John McCrae In Flanders fields the poppies blow Between the crosses, row on row, That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below. We are the Dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe: To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high. If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields.