HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6-1 A Changing Landscape

1. HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHEREChapter 6-1A Changing Landscape

2. INTEREST GRABBER How Does Everything Fit? Video • Click here to play the Ch6 video segment.

3. Section 6-1 Leaving a Mark on the World • Have you ever seen very old photographs of the town or city in which you now live? Has your area changed? Perhaps there are more buildings or roads than there were many years ago. Maybe your town or city has more trees and flowers now than it had years ago. Humans, like all organisms, have an effect on their environment.

4. Interest Grabber Answers • 1. Choose an animal other than a human and describe at least two ways in which it may change its environment. • 2. What events might have led to the changes that occurred in your town or city? • 3. What positive effect have humans had on their environment? What negative effect have humans had on their environment? Sample answers: A beaver both removes wood from a forest and dams a body of water. A dog digs a hole and may damage plants, but also may unearth worms and turn the soil. Sample answers: increase or decrease in population and industry. Humans preserve, conserve, and restore the natural environment as well as construct facilities that improve human health. Humans pollute the air, water, and land with materials that can harm humans and other organisms.

5. HUMAN ACTIVITIES Humans participate in __________ & ____________________ Humans play a part in the ecosystems on the planet Food webs Biogeochemical cycles http://www.brevardcounty.us/mrrp/images/misc/boat_cartoon.jpg

6. HUMAN ACTIVITIES can change local and global environments! ______________________________ ____________________ _________________ ___________________________ HUNTING and GATHERING AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

7. WHAT HAVE WE BEEN DOING? _______________________ HUNTING and GATHERING http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8302763 http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg

8. HUNTING AND GATHERING birds and mammals fished Throughout human history, people have hunted __________________, ___________ in rivers, and gathered __________________________________ Even these early people changed their _________________ wild seeds, fruits,and nuts. environments http://www.amonsoquath.net/gallery/pages/chee.html

9. HUNTING AND GATHERING Today, people in many parts of the world still follow the “hunter-gatherer” way of life. These people make ______________ on the environment. However, some are beginning to use ____________________ such as guns, snowmobiles, or other tools. few demands modern technology http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html http://www.museevirtuel.ca/Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/snowmobile.jpg

10. WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE? ________________ can put animal populations at risk of ____________ OVERHUNTING extinction http://www.geocities.com/jeniegirl27/SealHunting.html

11. http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg VOCAB extinct Species that has died out = ______________ Species whose population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues = _____________ Species that is in danger of becoming endangered in the near future = ____________ endangered http://www.blackfootedferret.org/ threatened http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif

12. WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE? Scientists hypothesize that the first humans to arrive in North America caused a major __________________of animals like woolly mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed cats. mass extinction http://www.tunturisusi.com/kissat/smilodon4.jpg

13. WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE? Many species that once lived in North America (like zebra, cheetah, and yak) have disappeared from continent. http://www.swindonweb.com/life/mammoth1.jpg

14. EXAMPLE: WHALES During the 19th and the earlier part of 20th centuries, over-hunting led to a severe _________of whale populations, and to _______________ of five whale species. overkill endangerment Minke whale = most hunted species http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling#Conservation_status

15. EXAMPLE: North American Buffalo Wild buffalo ______________ in America once numbered 30 - 60 million, ranging from Virginia to Alaska and all points in between. By 1884, the buffalo was close to extinction due to ______________. Pile of bison skulls, 1870’s overhunting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

16. HOW DO WE HELP? International Whaling Commission has placed a moratorium on whaling. Only works if nations voluntarily comply http://www.cdnn.info/eco/whaling_250146.jpg

17. HOW DO WE HELP? Conservation efforts, private ownership, and reintroduction of buffalo have allowed the population to recover slightly. Today, the total buffalo population in North America is estimated at 90,000 and about 85 percent of these animals are privately owned. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

18. WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE? Many endangered animals today are threatened by ____________________ Illegal poaching http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/EARTH/9710/02/kenya.ivory.ap/

19. OVERHUNTING/POACHING endangered. • All five rhino species are ____________ • Just a few decades ago, the world’s rhino population exceeded 100,000, but today there are less than 11,000 due to _____________ and _________________. • _______________ are in demand in many countries where they can bring over $60,000/lb. It is ground into medicine in China and carved into ceremonial dagger handles in Yemen. habitat loss poaching Rhino horns http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/6/Sidebar_Forensics.cfm

20. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP? The_________________________________________________________ (CITES) bans international ________ in products from endangered species. trade http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~sjberg/CITES.htm

21. WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP? Support “Green” organizations that work for laws to establish quotas and protect species. http://www.nwf.org/ http://www.maksimum.com/haberler/h/greenpeacee_cevre_cezasi.php http://www.sierraclub.org/ http://www.sierraclub.org/

22. HUMAN ACTIVITIES can also change local and global environments! ______________________________ ____________________ _________________ ___________________________ HUNTING and GATHERING AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

23. By end of last ice age (about 11,000 years ago) humans began the practice of farming = __________________ Soon people around the world were growing crops and raising animals for food AGRICULTURE agriculture http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/im/agriculture.jpg

24. Changing Agriculture important The spread of agriculture was one of most __________ developments in human history. It _____________ in large quantities that could be stored for later. Allowed people to __________________ and enabled the _______________of cities, governments, laws, and writing. provided food settle in one place development http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html http://www.museevirtuel.ca/Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/snowmobile.jpg

25. Changing Agriculture food shortages By middle of 20th century, despite agricultural advances there were ________________in many parts of the world. Governments and scientists began a major effort to ____________ food production http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/ increase

26. Changing Agriculture highly productive Plant breeders: developed _______________ “miracle strains” of wheat and rice AND Modern ________________________spread This effort = ______________________ farming techniques http://www.wfbf.com/media_center/photo_gallery/Soybean%20combine.jpg http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/media/stills/agriculture/crops/t_plant-breeder.jpg GREEN REVOLUTION

27. Changing Agriculture MONOCULTURE Large fields are planted with a single variety year after year = ________________ Chemical _____________ boosted crop growth and ______________ controlled damaging insects fertilizers pesticides http://imagesource.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD04/107870.jpg

28. Changing Agriculture double Over the last 50 years, the green revolution has helped world food production _________. Even though hunger is still a major problem in parts of the world, agriculture and the green revolution have provided many people with better nutrition. http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/

29. Challenges for Future food supplies Modern agriculture has increased world _________________, but has also created ________________ challenges. Large scale monoculture leads to problems with ____________ and _______________. Use of farm chemicals (fertilizers & pesticides) can damage ____________ insects, ________________ water supplies, and ______________ in the environment ecological Insect pests diseases beneficial contaminate accumulate

30. Challenges for Future water Finding enough __________ for irrigation is another problem. Less than ¼ of US farmland relies heavily on ___________, but this area produces a __________ portion of our harvest. irrigation major http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif

31. http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gifhttp://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif Challenges for Future OGALLALA Many Midwest states rely on the ___________aquifer for their water needs. However, we are using water faster than the water cycle can _____________ it. Evidence indicates this aquifer may __________ within 20-40 years. replenish run dry

32. HOW DO WE HELP? modern technology Applying ____________________ to farming is changing some of this environmental impact. EX:_________________ and ___________________ enable farmers to apply chemicals _____________________ Satellite imaging GPS technology only where needed

33. HOW DO WE FIX IT? Applying modern technology to farming is changing some of this environmental impact. EX: ___________ and other “green” farming methods can ___________________ and ___________________ “No-till” reduce soil erosion protect ecosystems http://cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/images/no-till.jpg

34. Sustainable Agriculture Ways to preserve the environment Section 6-4 Cover Crops Legumes, grasses, and other cover crops recycle soil nutrients, reduce fertilizer need, and prevent weed growth. Controlled Grazing By managing graze periods and herd densities, farmers can improve nutrient cycling, increase the effectiveness of precipitation, and increase the carrying capacity of pastures. Biological Pest Control The use of predators and parasites to control destructive insects minimizes pesticide use as well as crop damage A B C Yr. 1 Contour Plowing Contour plowing reduces soil erosion from land runoff. On hilly areas, plowing is done across the hill rather than straight up and down. Crop Rotation Different crops use and replenish different nutrients. By rotating crops, the loss of important plant nutrients is decreased. oats alfalfa corn Yr. 2 alfalfa (plowed in) corn alfalfa Yr. 3 oats alfalfa corn

35. HUMAN ACTIVITIES can also change local and global environments! ______________________________ ____________________ _________________ ___________________________ HUNTING and GATHERING AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY URBAN DEVELOPMENT Images from: http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg

36. INDUSTRIAL GROWTH and URBAN DEVELOPMENT The impact of humans on the biosphere was transformed by the _____________________ during the 1800’s. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-015.jpg

37. modern conveniences Industrial productivity and scientific advancements have provided us with the ______________________ we enjoy today http://www.vallartasource.com/images/cell_phone.jpg http://www.danielwiener.com/daniel/tips/archives/humvee_2.jpg http://www.scriptfx.com/gallery/computer/laptop.jpg http://www.wii-volution.com/images/wii/gamecube.jpg http://www.nbz.ru/pic/catalog/ipod/ipod_color.gif

38. BUT . . . The spread of urban areas has resulted in the _____________ habitats. Air, water, & soil _____________ has had an impact on surrounding ecosystems. destruction pollution http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg

39. burning fossil fuels Energy production requires ______________________ which impacts _______________ and _______________. air quality global climate MORE ON THISIN 6-4! http://tuberose.com/Environmental_Toxicity.html

40. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS NATURE OF SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of scientific knowledge 9-12.N.1.1. Students are able to evaluate a scientific discovery to determine and describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influence scientific investigations and interpretations • Recognize scientific knowledge is not merely a set of static facts • but is dynamic and affords the best current explanations. • Discuss how progress in science can be affected by social issues.

41. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS NATURE OF SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the nature and origin of scientific knowledge 9-12.N.1.2. Students are able to describe the role of observation and evidence in the development and modification of hypotheses, theories, and laws. • Recognize and analyze alternative explanations and models. • Evaluate the scientific accuracy of information relevant to a specific issue

42. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. • Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Human activity Response to external stimuli

43. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS EARTH SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Analyze the various structures and processes of the Earth system. 9-12.E.1.2. Students are able to describe how atmospheric chemistry may affect global climate. Examples: Greenhouse Effect, ozone depletion, ocean’s effects on weather 9-12.E.1.3. Students are able to assess how human activity has changed the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth. Examples: forest cover, chemical usage, farming, urban sprawl, grazing

44. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, & SOCIETY:Indicator 1: Analyze various implications/effects of scientific advancement within the environment and society. 9-12.S.1.2. Students are able to evaluate and describe the impact of scientific discoveries on historical events and social, economic, and ethical issues. Examples: nuclear power, global warming, and alternative fuels

45. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1A. Students are able to relate genetic, instinct, and behavior patterns to biodiversity and survival of species. (SYNTHESIS) • Relate the introduction of non-native species to the disruption of an ecosystem. Examples: zebra mussels

46. SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, & SOCIETY:Indicator 2: Analyze the relationships/interactions among science, technology, environment, and society. 9-12.S.2.1. Students are able to describe immediate and long-term consequences of potential solutions for technological issues. Examples: environmental, power and transportation, energy sources, issues 9-12.S.2.2. Students are able to analyze factors that could limit technological design. Examples: ethics, environmental impact, manufacturing processes, operation, maintenance, replacement, disposal, and liability 9-12.S.2.3. Students are able to analyze and describe the benefits, limitations, cost, and consequences involved in using, conserving, or recycling resources. Examples: agriculture, energy

47. Core High School Nature of SciencePerformance Descriptors

48. Core High School Life/Earth SciencePerformance Descriptors

49. Core High School Technology, Environment, Society Performance Descriptors

50. SOURCES http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17 http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm http://www.romanviii.co.uk/bp/nhpage.asp?pcat=about_us