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12.1 Notes

12.1 Notes. The Nature of Blood. Objectives. List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the blood for each of the four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. Understand and describe how whole blood is typed

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12.1 Notes

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  1. 12.1 Notes The Nature of Blood

  2. Objectives • List the A-B-O antigens and antibodies found in the blood for each of the four blood types: A, B, AB, and O. • Understand and describe how whole blood is typed • Understand the concept of antigen-antibody interactions and how it is applied to species identification and drug identification

  3. Blood • A mix of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances • Plasma – 55% • Liquid, primarily water • Solid portion 45% • Red Blood cells – erythrocytes • White blood cells – leukocytes • Platelets

  4. Serum • The pale yellowish liquid that makes up part of the blood clot • Pertinent to forensics • Red blood cells • Blood serum

  5. Antigens • Chemical structures found on the surface of the red blood cell • Impart blood-type characteristics • 15 blood antigen systems have been identified • More common are ABO and Rh (D)

  6. Antigens • Type A blood contains A antigens • Type B = B antigens • Type AB = both A and B antigens • Type O = neither A or B • Rh+ indicates the presence of D antigen • Rh- indicates the absence of D antigen

  7. Antibodies • Proteins that act against certain antigens • Serum-containing antibody = antiserum • Considered bivalent • Two reactive sites • Causes agglutination (clumping)

  8. Serology • Study of antigen-antibody reactions • US distribution of blood types: • Type O – 43% • Type A – 42% • Type B – 12% • Type AB – 3%

  9. Donor Combinations

  10. Antibodies • Produced to bind to an invading antigen • Different antibodies are produced to attack a particular antigen site • Polyclonal – multiple antibodies that attack different antigen sites • May vary over time • Monoclonal antibodies - designed to attack only one site on an antigen

  11. Process of producing monoclonals (p.335) • Inject mouse with a particular antigen • Mouse spleen cells produce antibodies • Spleen cells removed and fused to cancer cells • Combined cells are called hybridoma cells • Hybridoma cells allowed to multiply and are screened for antibody activity

  12. Process continued • Hybridoma that bear antibody activity of interest are selected, removed and cultured • Produce identical monoclonal antibodies in endless supply • Used to offer immunoassay test for certain drugs and semen material • Current and most well known use of monoclonal antibodies is Rituxin (cancer treatment)

  13. 12.1 Questions • Who discovered that blood is distinguishable by its group or type? • What blood factors are the most important for properly matching a donor and recipient for a transfusion? • What technique supplanted blood typing for associating bloodstain evidence with a particular individual? • What is plasma? What percentage of blood content does plasma account for? • Which of the following types of cells are not contained in plasma? • Phagocytes • Leukocytes • Erthyrocytes • Platelets • What are antigens and antibodies? What part of the blood contains antibodies? • Describe how antibodies and antigens determine one’s A-B-O blood type. • What is the fourth important antigen other than A, B, and O?

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