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CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2. THE ELEMENTS OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR: THEORY TREATMENT RESEARCH. THE ROLE OF THEORY IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY. SIX THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES INFLUENTIAL TODAY Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic-Existential Community-Cultural. THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE.

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CHAPTER 2

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  1. CHAPTER 2 THE ELEMENTS OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR: THEORY TREATMENT RESEARCH

  2. THE ROLE OF THEORY IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIX THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES INFLUENTIAL TODAY • Biological • Psychodynamic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Humanistic-Existential • Community-Cultural

  3. THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE • GENETIC FACTORS • THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • THE BRAIN • THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION • NEUROPHARMACOLOGY • PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY • INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

  4. GENETIC FACTORS • Chromosomal anomalies • Karotype • Genes • The Human Genome Project • DNA and penetrance • Heritability • Penetrance • Behavior Genetics • Pedigree Studies

  5. THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

  6. BEHAVIOR GENETICS

  7. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

  8. THE NEURON

  9. THE BRAIN

  10. THE BRAIN

  11. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM • CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Brain • Spinal cord • PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • Somatic System • Autonomic System • THE NEURON • Axons • Dendrites • Neurotransmitters

  12. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  13. THE NEUROSCIENCE REVOLUTION • Neuroanatomy • Neuropathology • Neurochemistry • Neuropharmacology • Neuropsychology

  14. BRAIN IMAGING • COMPUTERIZED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CT) • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) • MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY (MRS) • SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT) • POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PT)

  15. POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY(PT SCAN)

  16. THE PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE – SIGMUND FREUD • THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS • THEORY OF PERSONALITY • STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • THE PSYCHIC APPARATUS • ANXIETY • DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  17. FREUD’S MODEL OF THE MIND

  18. THE PSYCHIC APPRATUSID, EGO, SUPEREGO

  19. HOW PSYCHOANALYSIS WORKS

  20. DEFENSE MECHANISMS

  21. DEFENSE MECHANISMS(continued)

  22. RECENT APPROACHES TO PSYCHOANALYSIS • Carl Jung • Alfred Adler • Erik Erikson • Ego Psychology • Object Relations • Self-psychology

  23. THE BEHAVAIORAL PERSPECTIVE • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING • Unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response • Conditioned stimulus-conditioned response • OPERANT CONDITINING • Positive & negative reinforcers • Punishment • Schedules of reinforcement • SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES • Modeling & role playing

  24. SOME MECHANISMS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE

  25. THE COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE • MALADAPTIVE THOUGHTS ARE THE CAUSE OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR • AARON BECK • The goal of therapy is to help clients restructure their thinking. • Albert Ellis • Rational-emotive therapy helps clients question irrational beliefs and modify unrealistic thoughts.

  26. FOUR QUESTIONS ASKED IN COGNITIVE THERAPY

  27. THE HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVE • THE HUMANISTIC VIEW • People are striving toward self-actualization. • Carol Rogers • THE EXISTENTIAL VIEW • Emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility. • Viktor Frankl

  28. THE COMMUNITY-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE • Belief that maladaptive behavior results from inability to cope effectively with stress. • Focus on attempts to reduce maladaptive behaviors through preventive measures. • Causation theory • Social selection theory • Social roles • Labeling

  29. AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH • Each perspective is valuable to understanding maladaptive behavior. • Different perspectives are more appropriate under differing conditions. • Environmental and individual factors often interact to produce maladaptive behavior.

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