Questions to think about:

1. Questions to think about: Do you think the current human population or even increases in human population can be sustained? Do you think our current way of life can be sustained? (and even extended to all people) Or do you think there needs to be a fundamental shift in the way we live? Do you think that technology and innovation will allow humans to continue to be successful in spite of loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services?

2. 1. Planetary Management The planetary management worldview believes that humans are set apart from nature and can manage nature while adequately meeting our increasing needs and wants. Believers of planetary management believe that with the help of technology and innovative ingenuity, we can manage our resources and not run out of those that are limited. Also, economic growth is unlimited in the world and should not be restricted by worry about natural resources. The success of the human race depends on how well humans are able to use the Earth’s natural resources for our advancement and benefit. World Views 2. Stewardship Those who have a stewardship worldview believe that we have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers, or stewards of the Earth and its finite resources. Stewards believe that with the right management strategies and mindfulness, we will not run out of resources. These strategies must encourage environmentally beneficial forms of economic growth and discourage growth that harms the environment. The success of the human race depends on how well we are able to manage the earth’s life support systems for our benefit and the rest of the world’s organisms and ecosystems.

3. 3. Environmental Wisdom Those that believe in an environmental wisdom worldview believe that we are all a part of and totally dependent on nature. Nature exists for the good of all species and we must include them as we create management plans. An environmental wisdom belief system believes that all resources are limited and should not be wasted or squandered. Environmentally friendly modes of economic growth should be employed and those economic practices that degrade the Earth should be discouraged. The success of the human race depends on learning how natural systems maintain and sustain themselves. Humans must integrate lessons of nature into the ways we think and live.

5. Pre-life Earth Early earth atmosphere: H2O, Nitrogen gases, H2, CH4, CO2, H2S

6. The Emergence of Life on Earth and the Evolution of Diversity of Life “Life creates conditions for life”

7. Atmospheric composition: N2 78% O2 21% CO2 0.004%

8. Can a single species alter the atmospheric composition? 390ppm in 2010

9. ECOLOGY The study of the interrelationships among and between living things and the nonliving environment.

10. Ecosystems: The nonliving environment and all the living organisms within a defined area. These defined areas are called “biomes”. All the interacting populations within the biome are defined as a “community”. The nonliving environment (geology, geography, climate) impact the community that develops through evolution, and the living community can affect the non living environment.

11. Evolution creates diversity, and diversity creates stability and balance in an ecosystem. • Biodiversity of communities creates stability • Interactions between members of the community and the environment create balance.

12. Trophic levels Slaty-tailed trogon Slaty-tailed trogon Harpy eagle Ocelot Blue and gold macaw Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Squirrel monkeys Climbing monstera palm Secondary to higher-level consumer Katydid Green tree snake All producers and consumers to decomposers Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria

13. Population Dynamics in an Ecosystem Irregular Stable Number of individuals Cyclic Irruptive Time Fig. 9.7, p. 202

14. Carrying Capacity (K) - population size that can be sustained - Biotic potential - Intrinsic rate of growth (r) (minimum population size necessary) - Environmental resistance (both biotic and abiotic)

15. POPULATION SIZE (Carrying Capacity) Growth factors (biotic potential) Decrease factors (environmental resistance) Abiotic Abiotic Too much or too little light Temperature too high or too low Unfavorable chemical environment (too much or too little of critical nutrients) Favorable light Favorable temperature Favorable chemical environment (optimal level of critical nutrients) Biotic Biotic High reproductive rate Generalized niche Adequate food supply Suitable habitat Ability to compete for resources Ability to hide from or defend against predators Ability to resist diseases and parasites Ability to migrate and live in other habitats Ability to adapt to environmental change Low reproductive rate Specialized niche Inadequate food supply Unsuitable or destroyed habitat Too many competitors Insufficient ability to hide from or defend against predators Inability to resist diseases and parasites Inability to migrate and live in other habitats Inability to adapt to environmental change Balance!

16. All of these interactions between populations and the non-living environment lead to stability and sustainability of the ecosystem

17. These interactions result in energy flow and matter cycling Biosphere Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Oxygen cycle H2O cycle Heat in the environment All Solar powered, and perfect recycling of materials! Do you think Humans have something to learn from this?

18. The Carbon Cycle

19. Ecosystem Services Solar Capital Healthy ecosystems create conditions that support life! Air resources and purification Climate control Recycling vital chemicals Water resources and purification Renewable energy resources Soil formation and renewal Natural Capital Nonrenewable energy resources Waste removal and detoxification Nonrenewable mineral resources Natural pest and disease control Potentially renewable matter resources Biodiversity and gene pool Fig. 4.36, p. 99

22. The Global Expansion of Modern Humans

23. Global Human Population Growth Industrial revolution Agriculture

24. Projections for world population 12 11 High TFR = 2.5 High 10.7 10 Medium TFR = 2.0 Low 9 TFR = 1.6 Medium 8.9 8 Population (billion) 7 6 Low 7.3 5 4 3 2 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Fig. 11.9, p. 242 Year

25. Irregular Stable Number of individuals Cyclic Irruptive Time Fig. 9.7, p. 202

26. How do we estimate how much the earth can handle? 2006 I= P x A x T http://www.myfootprint.org/ The world population is 4x larger and the world economy is 17x larger than 100 years ago!

27. Ecosystem Services Solar Capital Not on economic balance sheets! Environmental issues are too costly and damaging to our economy??? Air resources and purification Climate control Recycling vital chemicals Water resources and purification Renewable energy resources Soil formation and renewal Natural Capital Nonrenewable energy resources Waste removal and detoxification Nonrenewable mineral resources Natural pest and disease control Potentially renewable matter resources Biodiversity and gene pool Fig. 4.36, p. 99

28. Current Economic Model - Linear, through-put of resourses - No accounting for cost of resource depletion (environmental degradation), waste production (pollution) - Based on stored, limited source of energy Energy (mainly hydrocarbons) Manufactured Product Consumer use Natural Resources Waste Economic development based on GDP, rather than overall quality of life and environment. The rate of production and consumption must be ever increasing - this is impossible!

29. What must Humanity do to achieve a sustainable society? Lester Brown – President of The Earth Policy Institute, and author of Plan B:4.0 • Restructure the global Economy so that it does not destroy or degrade the natural support systems (ecosystem services) • Stabilize Human population – we need a major shift in Human reproductive behavior • Change in societal values and lifestyles – we have become disconnected from the natural world

30. Economic model based on mimicking ecosystems - Stable population - Use of solar energy - Products must be recycleable, no toxic waste. Materials and production mimic nature. Solar Energy Manufactured Product Consumer use Natural Resources Sustainable, increased standard of living is a function of energy efficiency and efficiency of matter cycling. Economic development measured by quality of life and ecosystem! http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability.html