Chapter 13 Industrial Growth in the North

1. Chapter 13Industrial Growth in the North 1790-1860

2. Essential Vocabulary 1Chapt 13 Sect 1 • Industrial Revolution • interchangeable parts, • industrialespionage- attempting to obtain trade/manufacturing secrets by dishonest means • Textiles • Samuel Slater • Eli Whitney • Richard Arkwright • mass production

3. Essential Vocabulary 2Chapt 13 Sect 2 • Lowell system • Rhode Island system • Francis Cabot Lowell • Pawtucket-Rhode Island • strikes • trade union • Sarah G. Bagley

4. Essential Vocabulary 3Chapt 13, Sects 3 & 4 • Robert Fulton • Clermont • Gibbons v Ogden • Peter Cooper • Tom Thumb, • Telegraph • Samuel Morse • Morse code, • John Deere • Isaac Singer • Cyrus McCormick

5. Industrial Revolution begins in England • Review: What was the basis of the economy in the United States during the American Revolution in the • New England colonies? • Middle colonies? • Southern colonies? • What was the economic system of the 1600-1700s in which the colonies provided raw materials to the mother country who then refined the goods? • What was the problem with creating goods by hand?

6. Industrial Revolution begins in Textiles • Define Industrial Revolution: • Textiles first industry to change to machinery • What are textiles? • What two processes are involved? • Inventions that revolutionize textiles • James Hargreaves invents spinning jenny to make thread • Richard Arkwright invents water frame to make thread using water power • What are the effects of making thread by machine?

7. Textile machinery comes to America • Samuel Slater brings mechanization of textiles from England to US • First mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island • Mill made thread but cloth was woven in workers’ homes • More textile mills were built in New England • New England had quick moving rivers that were good power source

8. More textile Inventions • Eli Whitney • Wanted to mass produce guns using interchangeable parts- pieces that are made exactly the same • Used this technology to invent cotton gin for removing seeds from cotton and speeding the manufacturing of textiles • Mass production created many jobs in Northeastern US

9. Labor for the mills • Samuel Slater • To find workers, at first he trained apprentices-young men who worked for several years to learn the work-but they left his mill as soon as their time was up • Later Slater hired entire families to work in mills • Children and adults worked in mills- lowered Slater’s costs since paid kids so little • Slater divided mill work into simple tasks so children could do it • Became known as Rhode Island System

10. Labor for the mills • Lowell System • Developed by Francis Cabot Lowell • Used water power to run mill to produce both thread and weave cloth • Hired young, single women to work in factory • Women lived on site in boarding houses • Typical workday was 12-14 hours • Numerous health issues-like breathing cotton dust all day

11. Workers organize for better working conditions • Wages in factories remained low • Waves of immigrants (people coming to US) were unskilled and ready to take any job possible • Skilled workers began to organize to combat low wages and long hours in factories • Trade Unions-group of workers who tried to increase wages and lower number of working hours (usual day 12-14 hours—six days a week) • Strikes- workers stopped working in order to force factory owners to improve working conditions • Generally, the government and factory owners were against workers’ efforts

12. Labor Reform Efforts • Sarah Bagley- founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844 • Worked for a 10 hour day • Union achieve some success • Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania pass 10 hour day

13. Transportation Revolution • Transportation Revolution: a period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel • US built roads and canals throughout Northeast • Why were the roads in the northeast? • Steamboat- made travel faster and cheaper • Invented by Robert Fulton • His ship was the Clermont • Gibbons v Ogden--dealt with steamboats-US Supreme court case that interpreted the necessary and proper clause and a broad interpretation of Congress’s powers

14. Transportation Revolution • Railroads • First invented in England in early 1800s • Became popular in US when Peter Cooper built Tom Thumb-a small steam engine railroad • Benefits: Linked cities, increased trade • Like steamboats, railroads changed travel-making it faster and cheaper, but also dangerous

15. more technological improvements • Communication: • Samuel Morse invented telegraph-instant communication across great distances • Telegraph sent pulses of electricity across lines • Morse invented Morse Code to communicate messages • Different combinations of dots and dashes represented each letter of alphabet

16. New Factories • Factories shift from water to steam power • Can be built anywhere rather than next to flowing rivers • Could locate closer to labor (workers) or railroad to move goods • Led to growth of cities since that was where the jobs were • More dependable power source

17. Better Farm Equipment • Midwest and South were primarily agricultural • Technology comes to agriculture • John Deere- invented steel (rather than iron) plow to cut through heavy clay more easily • Cyrus McCormick- invented harvesting machine –mechanical reaper

18. Technology for the Home • Isaac Singer improved sewing machine- easy to use • Other inventions • Iceboxes- ice to cool food and keep it fresher longer • Iron cook stoves replaced cooking in fireplace • Indoor plumbing • Matches invented 1849