Stage 40

1. Stage 40 IUDICIUM: Judgment Grammar concepts: more on indirect statements Gerunds vs. gerundives Word patterns: inceptives Culture: Roman law courts

2. Stage 40: Model Sentences, p. 102 • ingenssenatorummultitudo in curiāconvenerat, ubi Gaius SalviusLiberalisaccusabatur. • A huge crowd of senators had convened in the senate-house where Gaius SalviusLiberalis was being accused. • “multasceleraā Salvio in Britanniācomissasunt.” • “Many crimes were/have been committed by Salvius in Britain.” • Primus accusatoraffirmavitmultascelera ā Salvio in Britannia commissaesse. • The first accuser/prosecutor declared that many crimes had been committed by Salvius in Britain. • Indirect statement = verb of saying…+ acc. subject + perf. passive infinitive

3. Stage 40: Model Sentences, p. 102 • “Salviustestamentumregisfinxit.” (fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum – pretend, invent, forge) • “Salvius forged the will of a king.” • Secundusaccusator dixit Salviumtestamentumregisfinxisse.” (-isse + perf. stem = perf. active infinitive) • The second accuser/prosecutor said that Salvius had forged the king’s will. • “innocens sum.” • “I am innocent.” • Salviusrespondit se innocentemesse. • Salvius responded/replied that he was innocent.

4. Culture: Roman Law Courts • By the time of Domitian’s rule, the Court of Senators had been established so that Senators charged with crimes could be tried in the senate by their fellow senators. • In the stories in Stage 40,Salvius is tried in the Court of Senators.

5. Culture: Roman Law Courts • If a Roman were charged with a criminal offense, he might find himself in a jury court known as a quaestiones (commissions of inquiry). • Criminal Offences included: • Murder • Treason • Adultery • Misconduct by governors of provinces • Forgery • Election Bribery

6. Culture: Roman Law Courts • If a Roman were involved in a civil case (non-criminal), he would first go to a praetor who would then either appoint a judge (iudex) to hear the case or refer the case to another type of court. • Example of cases brought before a praetor: • Legacy Cases • Property Damage • Civil Cases involving inheritance were referred to the court of the centumviri. This was the chancery court of Rome which dealt with private law. It is not known exactly how many men belonged to the pool, but courts of men would be selected from the pool to hear various civil cases, specifically inheritance.

7. Culture: Roman Law Courts Review • What type of judge or court would the following crimes be referred to? • Inheritance cases? • Court of the centumviri (1) • Murder? • Quaestiones (4) • Senatorial crimes? • Court of senatores (1) • Civil/non-criminal? • Praetor (3) • Criminal offenses? • Quaestiones • Legacy? • Praetor • Treason? • Quaestiones • Property damage awards? • Praetor • Adultery? • Quaestiones

8. Culture: Roman Law Courts Although Roman law is the basis for our present day legal system, there are two main differences: Roman Courts vs. Modern Courts Suspect prosecuted by Suspect charged by private individual not police & prosecuted a public official by state prosecutor No government Government oversight department responsible of all prosecutions for prosecutions

9. Culture: Roman Law Courts Terms to know: Leges: laws Decemvirilegibusscribendis: a ten-man board responsible for recording the most important points of law on bronze tablets for all the empire to see and use Duodecimtabulae: the twelve bronze tablets which displayed these important points of law

10. Stage 40: More on Indirect Statements From Stage 35 onwards, you have met sentences in which indirect statements are introduced by a VERB in the PRESENT TENSE, such as dicit, sperant, audio, etc.: Direct Statement Indirect Statement “custosrevenit.” puerdicitcustodemrevinire. “The guard is returning.” The boy saysthat the guard is returning. “puellarecitabit.” sperantpuellamrecitaturam “The girl will recite.” esse. (fut. active inf.) They hope that the girl will recite.

11. Stage 40: More on Indirect Statements From Stage 35 onwards, you have met sentences in which indirect statements are introduced by a VERB in the PRESENT TENSE, such as dicit, sperant, audio, etc.: Direct Statement Indirect Statement “villaedeletaesunt.” audio villas deletasesse. (perf. passive indicative) (perf. passive infinitive) “The villas have beenI hear that the villas have destroyed.” been destroyed. In Stage 40, you meet sentences in which indirect statements are introduced by a verb in the perfect or imperfect tense, such as dixit, sperabant, audivi, etc.

12. Stage 40: More on Indirect Statements In Stage 40, you meet sentences in which indirect statements are introduced by a verb in the perfect or imperfect tense, such as dixit, sperabant, audivi, etc. Compare the following: Direct Statement Indirect Statement “custosrevenit.” puerdixitcustodemrevinire. “The guard is returning.” The boy saidthat the guard was returning. “puellarecitabit.” sperabantpuellamrecitaturamesse. “The girl will recite.” They were hoping/hoped that the girl would recite.

13. Stage 40: Gerunds You have recently met examples of gerundives used in phrases without est: Nimbosingentesdemisitad genus mortaleperdendum. He sent down huge rain clouds to destroy the human race. Meisfiliisascisendisme magnoperehonoras. You honor me greatly by adopting my sons.

14. Gerund vs. Gerundive You are already familiar with the gerundive or future passive participle. The gerundive is a verbal adjective formed with the endings –ndus, -nda, -ndum. As adjectives, gerundives match the nouns they modify in number, case, and gender. Besides functioning occasionally as a simple adjective (liberlegendus, a book to be read), the gerundive is also used in the passive periphrastic conjugation (hic liberlegendusest – this book should be read). A gerund is a verbal noun (amorlegendi – love of reading) formed like the gerundive, except that it only has 4 forms: the neuter singular of the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative.

15. Gerunds Following are the complete gerund declensions for some representative Latin verbs: Gen.laudandiducendisequendiaudiendi (of praising, leading, following, hearing) Dat. laudandoducendosequendoaudiendo (to/for praising, leading, following, hearing) Acc. laudandumducendumsequendumaudiendum (praising, leading, following, hearing) Abl. laudandoducendo sequend0 audiend0 (by, with, from praising, leading, following, hearing)

16. Gerunds Having no nominative case, the gerund was not used as a subject, a function instead performed by the infinitive. Ergo Latin could say errareesthumanum: To err is human, but not erring is human Also the accusative is often employed as the object of ad and other prepositions. Examples: Studiumvivendi cum amicis (genitive use) A fondness of living with friends Operamdatvivendobene (dative use) opera – work, attention He gives attention to living well Athenasiit ad vivendumbene (acc. use) He goes to Athens to live well. Felicioresfimusvivendobene (abl. use) fimus – become We become happier by living well.

17. Gerund vs. Gerundive Indicate whether the following are gerunds or gerundives: Nobis villa adificandaest. We must build a house. A house must be built by us. Gerundive (of obligation) Cives in theatrumspectandaecausaconveniebant. The citizens were gathering in the theater for the purpose of watching a play. Gerundive (of purpose) Feminaartemscribendidiscereconabatur. The woman was trying to learn the art of writing. Gerund (writing = verbal noun) Servusaquamflammarumexstinguendarumcausaquarebat. The slave was searching for water for the purpose of extinguishing flames. Gerundive (of purpose) Puerlegendumamavit. The boy loved reading. Gerund