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Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity

Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity. Larry V. Cundiff U.S. Meat Animal Research Center ARS-USDA Clay Center, NE. Brown Bagger IV Crossbreeding Opportunities for the US Beef Industry October 11, 2005. BREED DIFFERENCES an important genetic resource .

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Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity

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  1. Breed Differences and Taking Advantage of Complementarity Larry V. Cundiff U.S. Meat Animal Research Center ARS-USDA Clay Center, NE Brown Bagger IV Crossbreeding Opportunities for the US Beef Industry October 11, 2005

  2. BREED DIFFERENCES an important genetic resource • Cross breeding of composite populations can be used to exploit: • HETEROSIS • COMPLEMENTARITY among breeds optimize performance levels for important traits and to match genetic potential with: • Market preferences • Feed resources • Climatic environment

  3. Complementarity (Cartwright, 1970, J. Anim. Sci. 30:706) “Serving to fill out or complete, mutually supplying each others lack” (Webster) Not Complimentarity “Expression of esteem or respect, or token of esteem” (Webster)

  4. COMPLEMENTARITY is maximized in terminal crossing systems Terminal Sire Breed Rapid and efficient growth Optimizes carcass composition and meat quality in slaughter progeny • Cow Herd • Small to moderate size • Adapted to climate • Optimal milk production • for feed resources Progeny Maximize high quality lean beef produced per unit feed consumed by progeny and cow herd

  5. SIRE BREEDS USED TO PRODUCE FI CROSSES WITH ANGUS AND HEREFORD DAMS IN THE GERMPLASM EVALUATION PROGRAM AT MARCa Cycle I Cycle II Cycle III Cycle IV Cycle V Cycle VI Cycle VII Cycle VIII 70-72 73-74 75-76 86-90 92-94 97-98 99-00 01-02 Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Hereford Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Angus Jersey Red Poll Brahman Longhorn Tuli Wagyu Red Angus Beefmaster S. Devon Braunvieh Sahiwal Salers Boran Norweg. Red Limousin Brangus Limousin Gelbvieh Pinzgauer Galloway Belg. Blue Sw. Red&Wh. Charolais Bonsmara Simmental Maine Anj. Tarentaise Nellore Brahman Friesian Simmental Romosinuano Charolais Chianina Shorthorn Piedmontese Gelbvieh Piedmontese Charolais Gelbvieh Pinzgauer • a • Sire breeds mated to Angus and Hereford females, Composite MARC III • (1/4 Angus, Hereford, Red Poll and Pinzgauer) cows were also included in • Cycles V, VI, and VII.

  6. BEEF BREEDREGISTRATIONSNational Pedigreed Livestock Council, 2003-2004

  7. BREED GROUP MEANS FOR PREWEANING TRAITS OF CALVESPRODUCED IN CYCLE VII OF THE GPE PROGRAM(1999-2000 CALF CROP) No. Gestation Calvings Calv. Birth Surv. 200-d Sire breed calves length unassist. diff. wt. to wn. wn. wt., of calf born days % score lb. % lb. ** .** .** ** ns ** Hereford 190 284.3 95.6 1.24 90.4 96.2 524 Angus 189 281.6 99.6 1.01 84.0 96.7 533 Red Angus 206 282.1 99.1 1.06 84.5 96.7 526 Simmental 201 285.2 97.7 1.10 92.2 96.7 553 Gelbvieh 209 284.4 97.8 1.10 88.7 97.1 534 Limousin 200 286.2 97.6 1.13 89.5 96.9 519 Charolais 199 283.0 92.8 1.40 93.7 97.1 540 LSD.05 1.5 3.4 .20 3.1 3.8 13

  8. Complementarity Sire of Calf During the past 30 yr, Continental breeds have significantly improved direct calving ease relative to British breeds (9% vs. 3% assisted, in cows > 4 yr of age), especially Simmental and Gelbvieh. Calves sired by Continental European breeds, have reduced birth weight relative to British breeds over the past 30 years (9 vs. 4 lb). Angus and Red Angus sired calves have relatively light birth weights and greater calving ease than progeny by other sire breeds.

  9. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE THEIR FIRST CALVES AT 2 YEARS OF AGE (2001 & 2002) Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt per breed born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp of female No. % % score % lb lb lb F test ns ns ns ns ns ** ns Hereford 80 92 70 1.9 74 81.5 413 292 Angus 84 83 76 2.0 72 79.8 424 325 Red Angus 104 86 76 2.2 68 78.2 415 317 Simmental 98 86 69 1.5 86 79.6 442 309 Gelbvieh 109 79 68 2.2 64 83.6 447 307 Limousin 109 85 73 2.0 68 80.3 429 313 Charolais 97 87 73 2.1 69 81.6 430 315 LSD < .05 14 15 .6 19 4.4 10 68

  10. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS OF F1 FEMALES MATED TO PRODUCE CALVES AT 3-5 YEARS OF AGE (2002-2004) Sire Calf crop Calving Unassist. Birth 200-d wt per Breed No born wnd. diff. births wt. calf cow exp of female rec. % % score % lb lb lb F – test ns ns ns ns ns ** ns Hereford 180 96 93 1.12 97.9 91.7 498 464 Angus 175 94 90 1.01 100.0 88.5 515 460 Red Angus 205 91 87 1.23 95.5 87.2 503 441 Simmental 214 90 88 1.03 99.1 88.2 535 463 Gelbvieh 220 89 86 1.07 98.8 89.8 527 452 Limousin 219 94 89 1.02 99.6 90.2 513 456 Charolais 210 94 91 1.18 97.2 91.3 522 475 LSD < .05 7 8 .32 5.6 4.9 10 45

  11. Complementarity Sire of Dam (Total Maternal) Differences in calving ease and birth weight of progeny were not significant, even in 2 yr old first calf heifers. During the past 30 yr, maternal calving ease has been improved greatly in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 11% less assistance in 2 yr old heifers).

  12. Complementarity • Differences in reproduction rate,and calf survival to weaning are not significant. • Contrasts between British (H and A) and Continental European breeds (S, G, L, and C) are about 1/4th as great for direct (5.5 vs 22 lb) and 4/10th as great for maternal (10 vs. 24 lb) breed effects in the current evaluation as they were to 30 years ago.

  13. Hereford Sired Steers

  14. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (445 DAYS) Final Retail Marb- USDA WB Sire wt product ling Choice shear Breed N lb % lb sc % lb Hereford 97 1322 60.7 480 526 70 9.1 Angus 98 1365 59.2 488 584 95 8.9 Red Angus 93 1333 59.1 474 590 93 9.2 Simmental 92 1363 63.0 522 528 66 9.5 Gelbvieh 90 1312 63.8 509 506 58 9.9 Limousin 84 1286 63.7 504 504 57 9.5 Charolais 95 1349 63.7 523 517 62 9.6 LSD < .05 40 1.3 16 17 0.7 0.6

  15. USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR HEREFORD, ANGUS AND RED ANGUS (N = 288)

  16. USDA QUALITY GRADE X YIELD GRADEFOR STEERS WITH SIMMENTAL, GELBVIEH, LIMOUSIN, AND CHAROLAIS SIRES (n = 361)

  17. Complementarity USDA Quality Grade and USDA Yield Grade is more precisely optimized in cattle with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance than in cattle with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.

  18. British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly in Efficiency of Gain (live wt gain, lb/Mcal) to age or weight end points.

  19. Complementarity Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal) than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness endpoints

  20. Complementarity Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints

  21. SIRE BREED LEAST SQUARES MEANS FOR GROWTH AND PUBERTY TRAITS OF HEIFERS IN CYCLE VII OF THE GPE PROGRAM (1999-2000 CALF CROPs) 400-d 18 wt. month Frame Age Preg. Sire breed wt. wt. ht. score at rate of female No. lb. lb. cm. sc pub. % F test * * ** ** ** ns Hereford 81 841 950 128.4 5.5 342 94 Angus 85 869 936 127.2 5.3 340 88 Red Angus 106 868 953 126.9 5.2 339 91 Simmental 103 849 961 130.2 5.9 335 90 Gelbvieh 111 807 922 128.8 5.6 322 83 Limousin 109 824 933 129.9 5.8 363 87 Charolais 103 828 950 129.5 5.8 348 91 LSD < .05 31 32 1.6 .5 15 13

  22. aData for Cycles I and II are averaged over cow ages 2 – 8 yr od age (Arango et al.,2004). Data for cycle VII are for 4 yr old cows.

  23. Complementarity • Continental and British breeds do not differ in weight or height today, • with one exception, Gelbvieh are significantly lighter. • Indications are that the reduced cow weights for Gelbvieh are associated • with negative genetic trends for birth weight in compared to slightly • positive or null genetic trends for birth weight in other breeds.

  24. Matching Genetic Potential to the Climatic Environment (Olson et al., 1991)

  25. TRADEOFFS • Bos indicus x Bos taurus crosses excel in • Weaning weight per cow exposed • Cow efficiency • but these advantages are tempered by: • Older age at puberty • Reduced meat tenderness

  26. Boran

  27. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT ANDCARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (447 d) Final USDA 14-d Sire wt Retail product Choice Shear breed No. lb % lb % lb Hereford 106 1270 61.9 449 70.3 10.6 Angus 101 1278 62.2 454 84.6 8.9 Brahman 76 1199 63.8 449 30.4 12.9 Boran 138 1116 62.6 400 47.2 11.3 Tuli 158 1110 63.4 405 63.8 10.1 Nellore 97 1224 65.0 465 51.4 ---- LSD < .05 48 1.7 18 22.2 1.3

  28. BREED GROUP MEANS FOR REPRODUCTION AND MATERNAL TRAITS 2-years of age 3 to 7 years of age Sire Calf 200-day wt Calf 200-day wt. breed Age at crop per per cow crop per per cow of puberty, wnd. calf exposed wnd. calf exposed female No. days % lb lb % lb lb Hereford 152 355 73.8 419 300 88.7 474 422 Angus 130 351 74.4 437 313 86.3 493 426 Avg. 282 353 74.1 428 307 87.5 483 424 Brahman Original 82 429 54.3 456 238 85.9 511 440 Current 208 423 69.6 476 319 82.7 521 430 Avg. 244 426 62.0 466 279 83.2 516 435 Boran 206 396 83.3 444 357 86.2 488 421 Tuli 244 371 74.6 413 296 84.1 471 397 Nellore 82 406 75.1 463 324 91.6 514 461 LSD < .05 13 13.9 18 62 6.7 14 36

  29. Genotype X Environment Interaction Cycle VIII MARC LSU M&F F Hereford X Angus X Beefmaster X X Brangus X X Romosinuano X X Bonsmara X X

  30. SIRE BREED MEANS FOR FINAL WEIGHT AND CARCASS TRAITS OF F1 STEERS (426 DAYS, 2001& 2002 CALF CROPS) Final Retail USDA Sire ADG wt product Marb. Choice Breed N lb/d lb % lb score % Hereford 102 3.02 1245 61.8 466 515 52 Angus 103 3.15 1283 60.0 469 548 71 Brangus 107 2.99 1256 62.1 481 497 42 Beefmaster 103 3.10 1296 61.2 482 483 35 Bonsmara 104 2.80 1183 63.4 464 487 37 Romosinuano 102 2.71 1150 64.4 452 488 37 LSD < .05 .09 29 1.1 13 24 13

  31. Proceedings: Symposium on Tropically Adapted Breeds Regional Project S-1013 American Society of Animal Science Southern Section Meeting February 8, 2005 Little Rock, Arkansas

  32. Productivity of F1 cross females (Cundiff, 2005)

  33. Conclusions

  34. Complementarity Sire of Calf During the past 30 yr, Continental breeds have significantly improved direct calving ease relative to British breeds (9% vs 3% assisted), especially Simmental and Gelbvieh. Calves sired by Continental European breeds, have reduced birth weight relative to British breeds over the past 30 years (9 vs 4 lb). Angus and Red Angus sired calves have relatively light birth weights and greater calving ease than progeny by other sire breeds.

  35. Complementarity Sire of Dam (Total Maternal) Differences in calving ease and birth weight of progeny were not significant, even in 2 yr old first calf heifers. During the past 30 yr, maternal calving ease has been improved greatly in Simmental relative to HA & AH (from 6% more to 11% less assistance in 2 yr old heifers).

  36. Complementarity F1 Females Gelbvieh and Simmental still reach puberty at younger ages than Briths breeds or other Continental European breeds. Differences in reproduction rate,and calf survival to weaning are not significant. Contrasts between British (H and A) and Continental European breeds (S, G, L, and C) are about 1/4th as great for direct (5.5 vs 22 lb) and 4/10th as great for maternal (10 vs. 24 lb) breed effects in the current evaluation as they were to 30 years ago.

  37. F1 Cow Size Continental and British breeds do not differ in weight or height today, with one exception, Gelbvieh are significantly lighter. Indications are that the reduced cow weight for Gelbvieh are associated with negative genetic trends for birth weight compared to slightly positive or null genetic trends for birth weight in other breeds.

  38. Complementarity British (H, A, Ra) and Continental (S, G, L, and C) sired progeny do not differ significantly in postweaning Average daily gain or efficiency of live wt gain to age or weight end points. Progeny by British sire breeds (H, A, Ra) were more efficient (lb live wt gain/Mcal) than those by Continental (S, G, L, C) sire breeds to fatness Endpoints. Progeny of Continental European sire breeds (S, G, L, and C) had more efficient gains (Live wt gain/Mcal and retail product/Mcal) than progeny of British sire breeds (H, A, and Ra) to weight of retail product (496 lb retail product) endpoints.

  39. Complementarity USDA Quality Grade and USDA Yield Grade is more precisely optimized in cattle with 50:50 ratios of Continental to British inheritance than in cattle with higher or lower ratios of Continental to British inheritance.

  40. Matching Genetic Potential to the Climatic Environment • In hotter more humid climates of the gulf coast cattle with ~ 50% tropical adapted germplasm may be optimal. • In more intermediate subtropics, cattle with ~25% tropically adapted germplasm may be optimal.

  41. COMPLEMENTARITY is maximized in terminal crossing systems Terminal Sire Breed Rapid and efficient growth Optimizes carcass composition and meat quality in slaughter progeny • Cow Herd • Small to moderate size • Adapted to climate • Optimal milk production • for feed resources Progeny Maximize high quality lean beef produced per unit feed consumed by progeny and cow herd

  42. MARC WEB SITE www.marc.usda.gov Click on: Online Information

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