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Chapter 15. Population and urbanization. Chapter Outline. Demography: The Study of Population Population Growth in Global Context A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories Urbanization in Global Perspective. Chapter Outline. Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities
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Chapter 15 Population and urbanization
Chapter Outline • Demography: The Study of Population • Population Growth in Global Context • A Brief Glimpse at International Migration Theories • Urbanization in Global Perspective
Chapter Outline • Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities • Problems in Global Cities • Urban Problems in the United States • Population and Urbanization in the Future
Population • World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is increasing by more than 76 million people per year. • Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. • Preventive care
Changes in Population Changes occur as a result of three processes: • Fertility (births) • Mortality (deaths) • Crude birth • Crude death • Infant mortality rate • Preventive check
Migration Two types of movement: • Immigration; is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. • Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.
Population Pyramid • A graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age. • Network theory
Population Composition • The biological and social characteristics of a population, including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and size of household. • The sex ratio is the number of males for every hundred females in a given population. • A sex ratio of 100 indicates an equal number of males and females in the population. • A number greater than 100, indicates there are more males than females; if it is less than 100, there are more females than males.
Theories of Population Growth • The Malthusian Perspective • The Marxist Perspective • The Neo-Malthusian Perspective • Demographic Transition Theory • Gemeinschaft Societies
Malthusian Perspective • If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. • Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, …) . • The food supply would increase by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).
Marxist Perspective • Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. • Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. • Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.
The Neo-Malthusian Perspective • Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. • People should be encouraging zero population growth.
Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. • Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.
Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. • Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.
Development of a City Three preconditions: • A favorable physical environment. • An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. • A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.
Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: • How women and men should think, feel, and act. • How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. • How women and men should relate to each other.
Simmel's View of City Life • Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. • Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. • Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.
Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: • Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. • Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.
Gans's Urban Villagers • Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. • The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. • The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.
Suburbs • Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. • Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts.
