Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Premodern Humans

2. What we’re going for today… • Who were the immediate precursors to modern Homo sapiens, and how do they compare with modern humans?

3. Left: Homo Erectus (1mya)Center: Australopithicus afarensis (2.5mya)Right: Homo Neandertalensis (100,000-32,000ya)

4. Phylogeny of Genus Homo - Very Modest Species Diversity

5. Phylogeny of genus Homo - Considerable Species Diversity

6. The Pleistocene • The Pleistocene, often called the Ice Age, was marked by advances and retreats of massive continental glaciations. • At least 15 major and 50 minor glacial advances have been documented in Europe. • Hominins were impacted as the climate, flora, and animal life shifted.

7. Middle Pleistocene • The portion of the Pleistocene epoch beginning 780,000 ya and ending 125,000 ya.

8. Late Pleistocene • The portion of the Pleistocene epoch beginning 125,000 ya and ending approximately 10,000 ya.

9. Glaciations • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. • Glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in northern latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa.

10. Interglacials • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. • Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter.

11. Changing Pleistocene Environments in Africa

12. Changing Pleistocene Environments in Eurasia • Green areas are possible hominid occupation areas. White areas are glaciers. Arrows indicate migration routes.

13. Chapter 10 Premodern Humans

14. What we’re going for today… • Who were the immediate precursors to modern Homo sapiens, and how do they compare with modern humans?

15. Left: Homo Erectus (1mya)Center: Australopithicus afarensis (2.5mya)Right: Homo Neandertalensis (100,000-32,000ya)

16. Phylogeny of Genus Homo - Very Modest Species Diversity

17. Phylogeny of genus Homo - Considerable Species Diversity

18. The Pleistocene • The Pleistocene, often called the Ice Age, was marked by advances and retreats of massive continental glaciations. • At least 15 major and 50 minor glacial advances have been documented in Europe. • Hominins were impacted as the climate, flora, and animal life shifted.

19. Middle Pleistocene • The portion of the Pleistocene epoch beginning 780,000 ya and ending 125,000 ya.

20. Late Pleistocene • The portion of the Pleistocene epoch beginning 125,000 ya and ending approximately 10,000 ya.

21. Glaciations • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents. • Glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in northern latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa.

22. Interglacials • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size. • Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate becomes wetter.

23. Changing Pleistocene Environments in Africa

24. Changing Pleistocene Environments in Eurasia • Green areas are possible hominid occupation areas. White areas are glaciers. Arrows indicate migration routes.

25. Middle Pleistocene Hominins • Widely distributed in Africa, Asia and Europe, replacing earlier hominins in previously exploited habitats (or coexisting as in Southeast Asia) • Exhibit several H. erectus characteristics • Large face, projected brows, low forehead, and thick cranial vault • Increased brain size, rounded braincase, vertical nose, and reduced occipital

26. Homo heidelbergensisSkull From Zambia • The Kabwe (Broken Hill) Homo heidelbergensis skull from Zambia. • Note the robust browridges.

27. Homo heidelbergensisBodo Cranium • The earliest evidence of Homo heidelbergensis in Africa.

28. Europe • Gran Dolina (northern Spain) may represent H. heidelbergensis, possibly dating to 850,000 ya • Atapuerca site of Sima de los Huesos remains of at least 28 individuals date to 600,000-530,000 ya (represent 80% of all Middle Pleistocene hominin remains in the world)

29. Asia • Dali fossils display H. erectus and H. sapiens traits, cranial capacity of 1120 cm3 • Jinniushan, northeast China, 200,000 ya and cranniall capacity appx 1260 cm3

30. Middle Pleistocene Culture • The Acheulian technology of H. erectus carried into the Middle Pleistocene with little change until near the end of the period, when it became slightly more sophisticated. • Some later premodern humans in Africa and Europe invented the Levallois (next slide) for controlling flake size and shape. • This suggests increased cognitive abilities in later premodern populations.

31. The Levallois Technique

32. Middle Pleistocene Culture • Premodern human populations continued to live in caves and open-air sites, but they may have increased their use of caves. • Chinese archaeologists insist that many Middle Pleistocene sites in China contain evidence of human-controlled fire.

33. Middle Pleistocene Culture • Researchers found concentrations of bones, stones, and artifacts at several sites suggesting that Middle Pleistocene hominids built temporary structures. • There is also evidence that they exploited different food sources, fruits, vegetables, fish, seeds, nuts, and bird eggs, each in its own season. • They also exploited marine life, a new innovation in human evolution.

34. Middle Pleistocene Culture • Researchers have found little evidence supporting widely practiced advanced hunting. • However, in 1995 wood spears were found at the Schöningen site in Germany. • These were most likely used as throwing spears to hunt large animals. • The bones of numerous horses were also recovered at Schöningen.

35. NEANDERTALS La Chapelle (France) skull and reconstruction

36. Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Late Pleistocene • Neandertals are typically placed by researchers into a separate species: Homo neanderthalensis. • Brain Size: Larger than H. sapiens today (1520 cm3 compared to 1300-1400 cm3 (perhaps adapted to cold climate). • Cranium: Large, long, low, and bulging at the sides. • Structure: Robust, barrel-chested, and powerfully muscled with shorter limbs than modern H. sapiens.

37. Upper Paleolithic • A cultural period usually associated with modern humans, but also found with some Neandertals, and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries. • Best known from western Europe, similar industries are also known from central and eastern Europe and Africa.