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Operational Amplifiers and Other Integrated Circuit Usage

Learn about operational amplifiers (op-amps), one of the most versatile electronic circuits. Explore their history, development, specifications, and pin functions.

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Operational Amplifiers and Other Integrated Circuit Usage

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  1. Operational Amplifiersand Other Integrated Circuit Usage Jimmie Fouts Houston County Career Academy

  2. What is the Op-Amp • One of the most versatile electroinic circuits! • Utilizes external feedback to control response • Normally operates at high gain, high input impedance, low output impedance, and wide bandwidth • Most common integrated circuit is the 741 (LM 741, NE 741, µA 741)

  3. History • The term Op-Amp originated in 1943 by Ragazzinni and Philbrick • Early Op-Amps were introduced in 1952 and consisted of electron tubes • Modular, solid state devices introduced in 1963 by Fairchild Semiconductors • The first solid state device was the µA 702

  4. µA 702 Integrated Circuit • Manufactured by Fairchild • First solid-state monolithic circuit • Used +12 and – 6 VDC power supplies • Quick to “burn out” if shorted! • Contained only 9 transistors • Cost was $300. in 1963 dollars!

  5. µA 709 • Introduced by Fairchild in 1965 • Higher gain, larger bandwidth, lower input current than the µA 702 • More user friendly power requirement of +/- 15 VDC • High production demands resulted in initial price of $70 per IC • By 1969, they were so common that they were selling for around $2 each

  6. National Semiconductor • Widlar, the original developer of the Fairchild ICs, developed the LM 101 in 1967 • The LM 101 was more versatile • Included short circuit protection • Frequency compensation • Later versions included temperature compensation and offset compensation

  7. Continued Development • Over time the basic µA 741 has continued to develop • Other manufacturers have produced similar versions • Raytheon began producing a chip with quad op-amps in 1974 • National Semiconductors produced the quad version (LM 324) also • RCA begin making it with an FET input for extremely low input current requirements

  8. Specification Sheets • Device specification sheet identify key information about the device • Most important is the Pin Layout

  9. The IC Pin Layout • Defines the pin layout of the integrated circuit • Most important to troubleshooting a circuit with an IC • Eliminates the need for a detailed schematic of the internal makeup of the IC • The chip marking/indent on top identifies Pin 1 • With Pin 1 in the upper left, pins are numbered down, then to the left, then up

  10. Absolute Maximum Parameters • Supply Voltage • Maximum safe +/- input voltage • Dissipation • Maximum allowable power • Input Voltage • Maximum signal input allowed • Differential Input • Maximum + and – input voltage allowed

  11. Input Parameters • Input Offset Voltage • Voltage required for 0 volt output • Input Bias Current • Average current flow through both inputs • Input Resistance • Resistance on the input with other input grounded • Input Voltage Range • Range of common-mode input signals

  12. Output Parameters • Output Resistance • Resistance seen at the output • Output Short Circuit Current • Maximum output current • Output Voltage Swing • Peak output voltage without clipping

  13. Dynamic Parameters • Open Loop Voltage Gain • Voltage ratio output to input • Large Signal Gain • Maximum swing to drive output from 0 to a specified voltage • Slew Rate • Time rate of change in output for a gain of 1

  14. Other Parameters • Supply Current • Current required from the power source • Common Mode Rejection • Ability to reject signals presented at both inputs simultaneously • Channel Separation • Ability to reject “crosstalk”/other signals on same chip • Open Loop Gain • Output gain vs. frequency

  15. 741 Integrate Circuit Pin Function • Pin 1 – Used to minimize offset • Pin 2 – Inverted signal to output • Pin 3 – Non-inverted signal to output • Pin 4 - Vcc ´ - Negative power supply input • Pin 7- Positive power supply input • Pin 5 – Used to minimize offset • Pin 6 – Output • Pin 8 – Not Connected

  16. Transitional

  17. µA 741 • Fairchild began producing the µA741 in 1968 • Similar to the LM 101 it included • An on-chip capacitor for frequency compensation • Temperature compensation • Higher speed • Lower input current

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