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Solutions

Solutions. Solution: a well-mixed mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute Solvent: the part of a solution present in the largest amount Solute: the part of a solution present in a lesser amount and dissolved by the solvent Solute = substance being dissolved

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Solutions

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  1. Solutions Solution: a well-mixed mixture that contains a solvent and at least one solute Solvent: the part of a solution present in the largest amount Solute: the part of a solution present in a lesser amount and dissolved by the solvent • Solute = substance being dissolved • Solvent = substance that does the dissolving Example: ocean water/saltwater

  2. Colloids, Suspensions, & Solutions Colloid: a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. Examples: fog and milk – light can pass through Suspension: mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. Example: snow globe • Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent. • Example: water freezes at 0 degrees Celsius, salt water must be below 0 degrees Celsius to freeze • Example: Antifreeze in a car, reduces car from overheating from engine temperature/prevents engine from freezing in winter

  3. Concentration and Solubility Concentrated solution: a mixture that has a lot of solute dissolved in it Example: sap from tree to make syrup Dilute solution: a mixture that has only a little solute dissolved in it Example: actual syrup • To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or the total amount of solution

  4. Solubility continued… Solubility: a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature Saturated solution: a mixture that contains as much dissolved solute as is possible Unsaturated solution: a mixture that contains less dissolved solute than is possible • Think about making lemonade (the pucker effect vs. I can’t taste anything) • Factors that affect solubility: Pressure, Temperature, and type of solvent Supersaturated solution: a mixture that has more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at the given temperature.

  5. Acids vs. Bases Acid:a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals (corrosive – “eat away materials), and turns blue litmus paper red (Example: lemon) ***Never taste chemicals to identify them*** Base: a substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue (remember: Bases turn Blue) *See uses of acids and bases on pages 102-103

  6. Acids, Bases, and the pH scale • An acid is any substance that produces hydrogen (H+) ions in water. • Hydrogen ion is an atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron. • Base is any substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. • Hydroxide is a negative ion, made of oxygen and hydrogen pH Scale is a key used to measure the concentrations of ions. Ranges from 0-14 0 = extremely acidic 14 = extremely basic • Neutralization reaction: when an acid and base are mixed producing a Salt and Water

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