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Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels

Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels. Natural Gas. History of Use Formation Production Reserves. History. China—first recorded use, piped through bamboo Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat) William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer

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Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels

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  1. Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels

  2. Natural Gas • History of Use • Formation • Production • Reserves

  3. History • China—first recorded use, piped through bamboo • Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat) • William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer • Put coal gas lights in cotton mills

  4. History cont’d • 1821, Fredonia New York • William Hart drilled a well 27’ deep and piped the gas to a local inn—where it lit 66 lights • Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859 • 1872: long-distance pipelines made • 1879: Thomas Edison

  5. Modern Use of Natural Gas • Seamless pipes available in 1920’s but it wasn’t until after World War II that it became really important for heating • Why is it a good fuel? • No refining • Burns cleanly • More heat/unit weight than any other fossil fuel

  6. Natural Gas • History of Use • Formation • Production • Reserves

  7. Formation • Formed in the same manor as petroleum • Thermogenic-->4km and >150°C • Formed during the petrogenesis of coal

  8. Natural Gas • History of Use • Formation • Production • Reserves

  9. Production • Similar to oil but easier to release because it is much less viscous—

  10. Composition of Natural Gas • Mostly methane CH4 • Some ethane C2H6 • Propane C3H8 • Butane C4H10 • Hydrogen H2 • Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide

  11. Production • Impurities removed • Coal scent added • Then piped • > 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S. • Middle East, Africa, South America • LNG at -162°C

  12. Production-past and projected

  13. In Billion cubic feet

  14. Reserves

  15. Natural Gas • History of Use • Formation • Production • Reserves

  16. Reserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feet • U.S.A. 204 • Russia 1688 • Iran 974 • Qatar 910 • Saudi Arabia 244 • United Arab Emigrates 214 • These countries account for 67% of the world’s reserves

  17. Reserves—how long will they last? • At the current rate? • 100 trillion cubic feet per year—about 62 years • At projected rates? • About 150 trillion cubic feet per year—about 41 years

  18. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands • Definition • Formation • Pilot Plants

  19. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands • Characterized by being • A. Dark in colour • B. So viscous that they don’t respond to either primary or secondary recovery techniques • High in sulphur, Ni, V • Rich in asphaltines

  20. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands • Example • Bitumen—black viscous to semisolid HC material found when oil has lost its light weight volatile components

  21. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands • Definition • Formation • Pilot Plants

  22. Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand • 1. oxidation and loss of lightweight fractions • 2. Thermal maturation • 3. Biodegration

  23. Heavy Oils and Tar Sands • Definition • Formation • Pilot plants no more

  24. Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands

  25. In 2003, Alberta’s reserves estimates of remaining established reserves are 174.5 billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001, Alberta’s production of raw bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that for conventional crude oil, accounting for 53% of Alberta’s oil production. This trend is expected to increase to about 80% of Alberta’s oil production by 2013.

  26. http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htmlhttp://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.html

  27. Countries with large tar sand deposits • Canada • Venezuela • Middle East

  28. Extracting oil from tar sands • http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm

  29. Oil Shale • Definition • Formation • Fuels of the future • Mining techniques

  30. Definition • Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called kerogen • Can be converted to oil at temperatures in excess of 500°C

  31. Oil Shale • Definition • Formation • Fuels of the future • Mining techniques

  32. Formation • Deposited with fine-grained sediments (mud) that are rich in organic material. Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is lost with temperatures in excess of 150. • Organic material is heavy • 5 to 25% is recoverable organic material • Rich oil shales burn like coal

  33. Oil shale from AAPG • http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm

  34. Oil Shale • Definition • Formation • Fuels of the future • Mining techniques

  35. Reserves • http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf

  36. Oil Shale

  37. Oil Shale • Definition • Formation • Fuels of the future • Mining techniques

  38. Mining techniques • Revert to notes

  39. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel • 1. Carbon content • 2. Heat Content • 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity • 4. Environmental Concerns

  40. Carbon Content • Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than coal • Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit energy than coal • Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit energy than oil • Gas<Oil<Coal

  41. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel • 1. Carbon content • 2. Heat Content • 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity • 4. Environmental Concerns

  42. Heat content

  43. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel • 1. Carbon content • 2. Heat Content • 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity • 4. Environmental Concerns

  44. Efficiency in Producing Electricity • From Coal 28% • From Oil 35% • From Natural Gas 40%

  45. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html • US existing power plants http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

  46. Electric Power USA 2005

  47. Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel • 1. Carbon content • 2. Heat Content • 3. Efficiency in Producing Electricity • 4. Environmental Concerns

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