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Chapter 10.1. Bureaucratic Organization. Government Mr. Biggs. People who work for the hundreds of agencies in the federal government are called bureaucrats, or civil servants. Article II gives the president the power to appoint the heads of executive departments.
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Chapter 10.1 Bureaucratic Organization Government Mr. Biggs
People who work for the hundreds of agencies in the federal government are called bureaucrats, or civil servants. Article II gives the president the power to appoint the heads of executive departments. These executive departments carry out the day-to-day business of the government. Today, nearly 3 million civilians work for the federal government. The Cabinet Departments • The 15 cabinet departments are a major part of the federal bureaucracy. • President Washington asked Congress to create the first four cabinet departments: • Treasury • State • War(defense) • Attorney general
Department of State The Department of State is responsible for the overall foreign policy of the U.S. It protects the rights of U.S. citizens traveling in foreign countries. It staffs embassies, or offices of ambassadors in foreign countries. It speaks for the U.S. in the United Nations. Department of the Treasury • The Department of the Treasury is • responsible for managing the monetary • resources of the U.S.: • Bureau of the Mint – coins • Bureau of Engraving and Printing – paper money • Internal Revenue Service – taxes • Secret Service – protection • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
Department of the Interior The Department of the Interior was established to protect the public lands and natural resources throughout the nation. It also oversees relations with Native Americans. Department of Agriculture The Department of Agriculture was created to help farmers improve their incomes and expand their markets. It safeguards the nation’s food supply. Department of Justice • The Department of Justice oversees • the nations legal affairs: • Attorney general • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • Antitrust Division • Civil Rights Division
Department of Commerce • The Department of Commerce promotes and protects the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy. • Three agencies carry out Constitutional directives: • Bureau of Census • Patent and Trademark Office • National Institute of Standards and Technology Department of Labor The Department of Labor protects American workers by ensuring safe working conditions, safeguarding a minimum wage, and protecting pension rights. Department of Defense The Department of Defense protects the security of the U.S. Through the Joint Chiefs of Staff, it oversees the armed forces.
Department of Health and Human Services The Department of Health and Human Services is responsible for the health and social service needs of the American people. It manages the federal Medicare and Medicaid programs. The Food and Drug Administration inspects food and approves new drugs for treatment of diseases. Department of Housing and Urban Development The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created to preserve the nation’s communities and ensure Americans of equal housing opportunities. Department of Transportation The Department of Transportation regulates all aspects of American transportation. This includes regulating aviation, railroads, highways, and mass transit.
Department of Energy The Department of Energy plans energy policy and researches and develops energy technology. Department of Education The Department of Education coordinates federal assistance programs for public and private schools. Department of Veterans Affairs The Department of Veterans Affairs administers several hospitals as well as educational and other programs designed to benefit veterans. Department of Homeland Security • The Department of Homeland Security controls: • Coast Guard • Border Patrol • Immigration and Naturalization Service • Customs Service • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Independent Agencies The federal bureaucracy also contains over 100 independent organizations that are not part of the Cabinet. For example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Assisting the Executive Branch Some independent agencies perform services for the executive branch. For example, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gathers information about what is going on in other countries, evaluates it, and passes it on to the president and other foreign-policy decision makers. Government Corporations • Some independent agencies directly serve the public. • Many of these agencies are government corporations, or businesses the federal government runs. • For example: • Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) • U.S. Postal Service (USPS)
Regulatory Commissions Regulatory commissions are independent of all three branches of the national government. Purpose of the Commissions The independent regulatory commissions were created to make rules for large industries and businesses that affect the interests of the public. Some Problems • Some problems with regulatory commissions include: • Intense pressure from lobbyists • Commissioners often are former executives Deregulation In the 1980s and 1990s, Congress responded to complaints of overregulation by taking steps to deregulate, or reduce the powers of regulatory agencies.
Cutting the Federal Workforce One way to cut costs is to reduce the number of workers in federal agencies. After a study by Vice President Gore, the administration proposed a reduction of the federal workforce by 252,000 in 6 years. Promote Competition In 1996, both the president and Congress seemed to agree on the need to promote competition in traditionally regulated industries. They attempted to make regulatory agencies more efficient. Congress streamlined federal purchasing by repealing 300 laws that made procurement, or purchasing of materials, complicated.
