Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 Oceania and Australia

2. Islands of Oceania • The islands in this area are divided into high islands and low islands • High islands are composed of volcanic mountains and debris while low islands are composed of coral remains that developed on submerged volcanoes

3. Defining the Islands • The Pacific Islands can also be divided into geographic groups • Melanesia includes Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Fiji • Micronesia (“small islands”) is north of Melanesia and east of the Philippines. • Polynesia (“many islands”) is between the triangle of Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand

4. Original Discovery • Thor Heyerdahl-Norwegian explorer who proposed that the first Polynesians came from South America, not Asia • Most other people felt that the Polynesians came from Asia

5. European Discovery • John Paton-Scottish missionary in the South Pacific. He saw his first wife and child die of disease but carried on and eventually saw everyone on Aniwa become Christians • James Chalmers-missionary to Papua New Guinea who worked hard to tell the natives about Christ and was eventually martyred

6. Spanish Exploration • Alvaro de Mendana-Spanish explorer who was sent to try to find a hidden Incan kingdom. They named the land they found the Solomon Islands after King Solomon. • Mendana led another expedition 30 years later with Pedro Fernandez de Quiros, a young navigator • They discovered a new group of islands they named the Marquesas after the viceroy of Peru • While searching for the Solomon Islands, they discovered another island they named Santa Cruz (Holy Cross)

7. Dutch Exploration • The Dutch also wanted to begin exploring and chose Abel Tasman to search for the mythical lands. Tasman started in India and sailed east. He went south of Australia and landed on an island that was named Tasmania in his honor. • Tasman kept sailing east and discovered a set of islands now known as New Zealand. The native people, Maoris, were unfriendly and violent • Tasman also discovered Australia which was first named New Holland

8. French Exploration • Louis Antoine de Bougainville-sent by the French to find the mythical land in the south. He claimed the island of Tahiti for France and claimed that men were born good and corrupted by civilization

9. English Exploration • James Cook-British explorer who became the most famous explorer of the Pacific. He was the first to sail around Antarctica and proved that there was no great southern land • Scurvy-disease caused by a lack of vitamin C. Many sailors suffered from this but Cook came up with a remedy by forcing his men to eat sauerkraut • Cook was beaten to death by natives in Hawaii

10. The Original Australians • Aborigines-name given to the native people of Australia • Didgeridoo-musical instrument of the Aborigines that makes only a single note • Marn Grook-game with elements of football and soccer made by Aborigines

11. England in Australia • Even though the Dutch were in Australia first, England went to another part of Australia and named it New South Wales. • The First Fleet left for Australia with 1,000 passengers. Over 800 were convicts. • Arthur Phillip was the captain of the fleet. He sailed for 8 months and settled in an area that became known as Sydney Cove. • The day that they arrived on is now celebrated as Australia Day

12. Expansion and Establishment • The first settlers stayed near the coast and did not venture beyond the Great Dividing Range. • Gregory Blaxland and two others were the first to explore the interior of Australia • Explorers soon created new colonies called South Australia and Victoria • Australia became known as the Commonwealth of Australia. Canberra was chosen as the capital of the country