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Manifestations of A weakening Tradition

Manifestations of A weakening Tradition. Emergence of the aesthetic movement - “Poem Per Se” “art for art sake” Poe - A change in the function of literature. - A gap between writers and literary public - Mathew Arnold - “Culture and Anarchy”

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Manifestations of A weakening Tradition

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  1. Manifestations of A weakening Tradition Emergence of the aesthetic movement - “Poem Per Se” “art for art sake” Poe - A change in the function of literature. - A gap between writers and literary public - Mathew Arnold - “Culture and Anarchy” - Alienation of the artist “ theme of estrangement” - Compulsory education Act -semi educated public - Rise of the yellow press - Bohemianism

  2. Manifestations of A weakening Tradition 2. Emergence of pessimism and stoicism - Thomas Hardy Tennyson - Stoics “human being should be free from passions and should calmly accept all occurrences as unavoidable result of a divine will or natural order” - Writing about human dignity - Rudyard Kippling

  3. Manifestations of A weakening Tradition 3. Anti-Victorian literature - Bernard Shaw - Farcical comedy (Sarcasm of the Victorian tradition and way of life) - Anti British imperialism – Irish literature (Yeats – Joyce) Conrad - Feministic writings – Virginia Woolf

  4. 20th century • Time of disillusionment • WWI, WWII, Communism, Hitlerism, Fascism, Great Depression, Organized crime. • Question of literature became: • - what is the purpose of our creation. • Is man good by nature. • Fall of the human dream

  5. Development of poetry 1. The rise of imagists movement (Ezra Pound & T. S Eliot) • Lines to be short of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity. • To avoid abstraction and treat the image with hard clear precision rather than symbolic intent. • Freedom of rhythmic composition • Direct treatment of subject whether objectively or subjectively

  6. Development of poetry 2. Rise of metaphysical wit 3. Simplification of the poetic Language 4. Great usage of irony in the poetic discourse. 5. Eliot as a school ( combined imagism, metaphysical wit and French symbolism) 6. Yeats as a school ( combined aesthetic school, irony, verbal magic & symbolism)

  7. Development of Fiction • 1910- 1940 was the heroic age of the modern Novel of ideas. • Joseph Conrad, D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf …. Etc. • Different from The Victorian Novel both in Attitude and Technique

  8. Development of Fiction • Attitude • What is significant in the human experience disappeared , they depend on their intuition. • The values of the Victorian social life vanished to give way to more personal values. (The built up values rather than drawing on the existing values) • Conflict became more internal than external.

  9. Development of Fiction • Technique • was influenced by the development of science , philosophy and psychology • Conscious and subconscious (Sigmund Freud) • Realization of time. Einstein “relativity of time” • Collective dream which is redeeming time. (Philosophy of salvation). • The Result was (Stream of Consciousness) The Greatest development of fiction id the rise of the Short story as a literary genre.

  10. Development of Drama Pre-War Drama • Beginning: John Galsworthy - Had a humanitarian outlook on life. One view of both the poor and the rich - Established the social Drama (domestic social Tragedies) 2. Establishment of The Irish Theatre(W B Yeats, J M Synge) - Impressive realistic peasant Drama - Rooted in the Irish soil. 3.J B Shaw - He used the stage as a platform for social propaganda - He established the drama of ideas.

  11. Development of Drama 4. Re-establishment of Comedy of manners (Oscar Wild, J M Synge and Lady Gregory) • Comedy that satirically portrays the manners and fashions of a particular class Postwar Drama (1945 onward) the New Drama - No change in style but in subject matter - Emergence of drawing room drama

  12. Development of Drama • Characteristics of New Drama • Drama of ideas – static • Symbolic – dark themes • sensational : written to shock to impress • Didactic • Language of protest • Angry men , Absurdism,

  13. Development of Drama • Major Playwrights • Samuel Beckett • Harlod Pinter • John Osborne • Arnold Wesker (working class) • John Arden ) black comedies (

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