Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe

1. Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe Lecture 8 Ukrainian History II Week 9

2. Outline • Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century • Russification and Ukrainian nation building • The Ukrainian Piedmont 4. Narratives of Ukrainian history 5. Conclusion

5. Phase A 1798 Ivan Kotlyarevsky publishes “Eneyida” (in the vernacular, i.e. Ukrainian) 1823-1825 Secret Brotherhood of Slavs 1834 Founding of the University of Kyiv (Russian) 1837 Appearance of “Dnister Rusalkas” (Ruthenian Triad: Markiian Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky, and Ivan Vahylevych) 1840 Taras Shevchenko publishes “Kobzar” 1846/47 Brotherhood of Sts. Cyril-Methodius (Kyiv) 1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia 1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire

6. Outline • Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century • Russification and Ukrainian nation building • The Ukrainian Piedmont 4. Narratives of Ukrainian history 5. Conclusion

7. Phase B 1848 Liberation of peasants in Galicia 1861 Emancipation of serfs in the Russian Empire 1863 Use of Ukrainian language prohibited by Russian government – prohibition confirmed 1876 1861 ff: Railways in Ukraine, industrialization of the Donbas, iron ore mining in Kryviy Rih 1898 Publication of the first volume of Michael Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus 1905 Russian Revolution: restrictions on the use of Ukrainian language in Russian Empire lifted

8. What is Russification? Three varieties (Thaden) Unplanned: certain individuals take on Russian culture and language, takes several generations Administrative: demand by the Russian government that Russian must be used in administration everywhere in the empire Cultural: active policy that aims to replace a population’s native culture with Russian Edward C. Thaden et al., Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914 (Princeton, 1981), pp. 7-8 Theodore R. Weeks, ‘Russification: Word and Practice 1863-1914’, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol 148, No. 4, December 2004, pp. 473-474

9. Monument of field marshal Ivan Paskevic in Warsaw

10. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw, before 1914

13. Ukrainians in the Russian Empire • Ukrainian nationalism • Ethnicity and historical traditions • Small group of pro-Ukrainian noblemen • Ukrainian language and literature • Partial coincidence of social and ethnic boundaries • Assimilation • “Little Russians” • Orthodox faith • Attraction of Russian culture • Upward mobility - chances

16. Major Ethnic Groups in the Russian Empire 1897 (125,640,000) Russians 44.31% Ukrainians 17.81% Belorussians 4.68% Poles 6.31% Jews 4.03% Other ethnic groups in the West 4.47% Ethnic groups in the North 0.42% Ethnic groups Wolga/Ural 5.85% Ethnic groups in Siberia 0.99% Ethnic groups in the Steppe 1.99% Ethnic groups in the Transcaucasus 3.53% Ethnic groups in the Caucasus 1.05% Ethnic groups in Central Asia 5.69% Diaspora groups (1.43% Germans) 1.91%

17. Outline • Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century • Russification and Ukrainian nation building • The Ukrainian Piedmont 4. Narratives of Ukrainian history 5. Conclusion

18. Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910 Population: 8 Million

20. Options • Polish option – “gente ruthenus, natione polonus” • Ruthenian option – “Rusyny” • Russian option – Russophiles • Ukrainian option – Ukrainophiles • (Panruthenian option) – including Belarussians John-Paul Himka, ‘The Construction of Nationality in Galician Rus’: Icarian Flights in Almost All Directions’, in Ronald Grigor Suny and Michael D. Kennedy (eds.), Intellectuals and the Articulation of the Nation (Ann Arbor, 1999), pp. 109-64.

21. Phase B/C • 1848 Ruthenian Council • Reading Clubs (Prosvita) • Co-operative movement • Emergence of a secular elite • Ruthenian-Ukrainian parties (since 1890s) • Ruthenians/Ukrainians represented in Austrian parliament and in Galician Diet

22. Outline • Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century • Russification and Ukrainian nation building • The Ukrainian Piedmont 4. Narratives of Ukrainian history 5. Conclusion

23. VolodymyrAntonovych 1834-1908

24. Main work History of Ukraine-Rus’ 10 volumes, Mykhailo Hrushevsky 1866-1934

25. The Russian narrative • Moscow tsardom and the Russian Empire are the legitimate successors to the Kievan Rus (principality of Kiev) • The population of the territory of the principality came under foreign rule (Lithuanian, Polish), Belarussians and Ukrainians were alienated from the Great Russians • Ukrainians and Belarussians are not separate nations, they belong to the Russian nation • The Russian Empire collected the land of the Kievan Rus and liberated Belarussians and Ukrainians from foreign oppression The integration of this territory into the Russian Empire is historically necessary, legitimate and unites Ukrainians and Belarussians after several hundred years of enforced separation with their Russian brothers and sisters.

26. The Polish narrative • The occupation of the Ruthenian lands in the 14th century and the union of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Principality of Lithuania brought Western and Polish culture and civilisation to these eastern territories • The union of Poland and Lithuania was profitable for both parts and made the Commonwealth the most powerful empire in Eastern Europe • Belarussians, Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and Lithuanians are separate ethnies, but they will only profit from accepting superior Polish culture • The partitions were a crime and a violation of divine and human law • Belarussians, Ukrainians and Lithuanians have to accept the reconstitution of the Commonwealth under Polish leadership • Only under the guidance of the Polish nation with her state building abilities will they be able to defend themselves against the semi-Asiatic and autocratic Russian Empire The reconstitution of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth is an expression of historical justice

27. The Ukrainian narrative • The Ukrainian nation is the legitimate heir of the Principality of Kiev • Not Moscow but the Principality of Halychina was the successor of Kiev • Great Russians are a mixture of Finns, Tartars and East-Slavic tribes, Ukrainians are pure East Slavic with some Varangian influences • In early modern Europe Ukrainian culture was superior to Russian culture • Ukraine was partitioned and occupied by Moscow and Poland • Ukrainians are democratic, Russians authoritarian • There were always Ukrainians who wanted to build an independent state, the Cossack Hetmanate was a genuine Ukrainian state whose autonomy was abolished by evil Russian tsars • The Ukrainians are a nation, which was forced to live under foreign (Russian, Austrian/Polish, Hungarian) rule • Poetry and folklore of Ukrainians superior to Polish or Russian folklore Ukrainians need cultural and political autonomy within the Austrian and Russian Empire, in the longer perspective there can be an Ukrainian nation state

28. The Lithuanian narrative • The union of the Grand Principality of Lithuania with Poland was a mistake • Lithuania was dominated by Polish culture and Polish politics and became a partner with fewer rights • Poland profited from the union, but not Lithuania • Lithuanian noblemen who were polonized betrayed the Lithuanian nation • The union endangered the existence of the Lithuanian nation, made Lithuanian cities Polish and destroyed the basis for a nationally conscious political elite • The majority of Belarussians are peasants, who played only a minor role for the important position of the Grand Principality in medieval and early modern times. Lithuanians need an own nation state, to prevent the destruction of the Lithuanian nation

29. The Belarussian narrative • Belarussians are also heirs of Kiev • Belarussian was the dominant culture in the Grand Principality of Lithuania • Belarussians lost their elites through lithuanization, russification and polonization • Belarussians are a distinct nation with an own distinct language, culture and historical past Belarussians have the right to live their culture and speak their language, cultural autonomy

30. Outline • Ukraine in the first half of the 19th century • Russification and Ukrainian nation building • The Ukrainian Piedmont 4. Narratives of Ukrainian history 5. Conclusion

31. The Making of the Ukrainian Nation CONTRA • Ukrainian language not yet a fully developed “high language”, Russian/Polish available as alternative languages for higher education • Since 1667/1772 Eastern part has common history with Russia, Western part with Poland/Austria • traditional elites have become Russians or Poles • no uncontested Ukrainian state in history • Potential members of the nation live in different empires as non-dominant ethnic groups • Opportunities for educated Ukrainians in Russian Empire • almost no middle class • Different denominations • Politics of Russification/Polonization PRO • Ukrainian language and literature in the vernacular since 1798 • Greek-Catholic faith in Galicia a barrier to assimilation by the Polish nation • Common history until the 17th c. • Social antagonism to Polish or Russian/Russified overlords • Cossack autonomy in early modern Europe and short period of independence • Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on