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Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe

Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe. Lecture 12 Nation and Music Culture Week 13, Spring Term. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion. What is part of the national music culture?.

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Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe

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  1. Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe Lecture 12 Nation and Music Culture Week 13, Spring Term

  2. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  3. What is part of the national music culture? • Traditional songs of the peasantry – folk songs • Religious hymns – church songs • “High” music culture: national opera, national opera house, symphonic music • Patriotic songs

  4. “High” Art Music and National Operas • National language – vernacular or church language • Composers who belong to the nation • Different to other national operas or to Italian opera/influence of folk music, popular tunes, church music, choir music • Story based on crucial events of national history, myths or fairy tales • Symphonic music: important landmarks, for example ‘The Moldau’ by Smetana Must have something specifically Ukrainian, Polish, Russian

  5. Ivan Glinka (1804-1857) A Life for the Tsar, first performed 1836 in St.Petersburg Fyodor Shaljapin as Ivan Susanin

  6. Mykola Lysenko (1842-1912 Stanislaw Moniuszko (1819-1872)

  7. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  8. Types • State anthems and national anthems • Marches and prayers • Folk tunes, existing high art compositions or new compositions • Traditional poems or texts produced specifically for the anthem

  9. Functions of national anthems and patriotic songs • Symbol of the nation • State anthems represent the nation (sport events, diplomatic visits) • Glorify events of national history • Mobilise the nation • Singing of national songs in war times by soldiers • Subversive act of singing the song or even humming the melody (often forbidden in stateless times, under foreign occupation or after a revolution) • Emotional impact • Act of singing unites (singing revolution in Estonia and Latvia 1989/1990), symbol of national unity • Act of resistance – act of support

  10. 1. Hail to thee in victor's crown,Ruler of the fatherland!Hail to thee, Kaiser!Feel in the throne's glowThe high ecstasy in fullTo be the darling of thy people!Hail to thee, Kaiser! 1. Heil dir im Siegerkranz,Herrscher des Vaterlands!Heil, Kaiser, dir!Fühl in des Thrones GlanzDie hohe Wonne ganz,Liebling des Volks zu sein!Heil Kaiser, dir!

  11. La Marseillaise Allons enfants de la Patrie, Le jour de gloire est arrivé ! Contre nous de la tyrannie, L'étendard sanglant est levé, (bis) Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Mugir ces féroces soldats ? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras (2) Égorger vos fils, vos compagnes ! Refrain Aux armes, citoyens, Formez vos bataillons, Marchons, marchons ! Qu'un sang impur Abreuve nos sillons ! Arise children of the fatherlandThe day of glory has arrivedAgainst us tyranny'sBloody standard is raisedListen to the sound in the fieldsThe howling of these fearsome soldiersThey are coming into our midstTo cut the throats of your sons and consorts To arms citizens Form your battalionsMarch, marchLet impure bloodWater our furrows

  12. The Departure of the Volunteers (Sculpture by F. Rude) François Rude (born in Dijon in 1784 - died in Paris in 1855), French sculptor of romantic inspiration: The Departure of the Volunteers, relief (11.6 6 m)located on the "Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile", Paris. Created between 1832 to 1835. Rude depicted the volunteers as Roman legionaries.

  13. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  14. Polish patriotic anthems • Bogurodzica (The Mother of God), religious hymn, 13th c. – sung also in the 19th c. and 20th c. • Mazurka Dabrowski (National Anthem)

  15. National Anthem: "Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka) Words by: Jozef Wybicki 1795 in Reggio Emilia, ItalyMusic by: traditionalAdopted: 1927 http://www.mazurekdabrowskiego.pl/muzyka.html

  16.  Przejdziem Wisłę, przejdziem Wartę,będziem PolakamiDał nam przykład Bonaparte jak zwyciężać mamy. Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła / kiedy my żyjemyco nam obca przemoc wzięła / szablą odbierzemy. Paintings by Juliusz Kossak (1900)

  17. Bogurodzica (The Mother of God), religious hymn, 13th c. – sung also in the 19th c. and 20th c. • Mazurka Dabrowski (National Anthem) 1797 • Boże coś Polskę 1816

  18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jsoj_8Fp1qA Boże coś Polskę (extract) (God save Poland) Words by Alojzy Felinski (1816) Changes by Antoni Gorecki (1817) Music (different versions), final version taken from a Cracow song “Hail to you, Blessed Virgin Mary” 1861 O, God who, through so many centuries,surrounded Poland with the brilliance of power and glory,who has protected it with the shield of your defence,against the disasters that were meant to defeat it. Refrain: To your altars we carry a prayer: Save our King, Lord ! (1816) Return our Homeland to us, Lord ! (1830) Bless our Homeland and freedom, Lord ! (1989) Bless our free Homeland, Lord ! (1996)

  19. Polish patriotic anthems • Bogurodzica (The Mother of God), religious hymn, 13th c. – sung also in the 19th c. and 20th c. • Mazurka Dabrowski (National Anthem) 1797 • Boże coś Polskę (God save Poland) 1816 • Choral - Z dymem pożarów (With the smoke of fires) 1846 • Rota 1908-1910

  20. Rota Words by Maria Konopnicka 1908 Music by Feliks Nowowiejski, Cracow 1910

  21. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  22. National anthem (today only the first 6 lines) "Shche ne vmerla Ukraina" (Ukraine's Glory Has Not Perished) Words by: Paul Chubynskyi (1862)Music by: Mikhail Verbytskyi Adopted: 1917, abolished 1920, restored 1991 1st line (before 2003): Shche ne vmerla Ukrajina, ny slava, ny volja, 1st line (after 2003): Shche ne vmerla Ukrajini, ny slava, ny volja,

  23. Anthem of Soviet Ukraine (1949-1991) Words by Pavel Tychina and Mikola Bazhan (1948?), changed in 1978 (2nd stanza to remove mention of Stalin) Music by Anton Dmitrievich Lyebyedinyec (1948?) 1. Live, Ukraine, beautiful and mighty, - In the Soviet Union you have found happiness.Equal between the equal ones (other republics), free between the free ones,Under the sunrays of freedom you have bloomed as a flower. CHORUS:Glory to the Soviet Union, Glory!Glory to the Motherland in the eternity!Live, Ukraine, Soviet power,In the united homeland of fraternal nations. 2. In battles for people’s fateRussian people were always our friend and brother.Lenin led us in a victorious campaignUnder October’s banner to brilliant heights.CHORUS 3. We fame our mighty Fatherland with labour,Affirm the truth of immortal ideas.To the shining communism – the great future -Lenin’s party wisely leads us. CHORUS

  24. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  25. Hymn of the Russian Empire 1815-1833 Music by Henry Carey (1743) Words by V.A. Zhukovsky (1815)

  26. Hymn of the Russian Empire 1833-1917 (The Russian prayer) Music by A.F. L’vov (1833) Words by V.A. Zhukovsky (1833)

  27. The Internationale, Soviet Anthem 1917-1944 Music by Pierre Degeyter (1888)Words by Eugène Pottier (1871)

  28. The Hymn of the Soviet Union 1944-1977 (1955-1977 performed without words) Music by Aleksander Aleksandrov (1943) Words by Sergey Mikhalkov (1943) 1. United forever in friendship and labour,Our mighty republics will ever endure.The great Soviet Union will live through the ages.The dream of a People their fortress secure. Refrain Long live our Soviet Motherland, built by the People's mighty hand.Long live our People, united and free.Strong in our friendship tried by fire. Long may our crimson flag inspire,Shining in glory for all men to see. Through days dark and stormy where great Lenin led us Our eyes saw the bright sun of freedom aboveand Stalin our leader with faith in the People,Inspired us to build up the land that we Love. Refrain We fought for the future, destroyed the invader,and brought to our Homeland the laurels of fame.Our glory will live in the memory of nationsand all generations will honour her name. Refrain

  29. The Hymn of the Soviet Union 1977-1991 Music by Aleksander Aleksandrov (1943) Words by Sergey Mikhalkov and Gabriel El-Registan(1977) Unbreakable union of freeborn republics,Great Rus' has welded forever to stand.Created in struggle by will of the people,United and mighty, our Soviet land! CHORUS:Sing to the Motherland, home of the free,Bulwark of peoples in brotherhood strong.O Party of Lenin, the strength of the people,To Communism's triumph lead us on! Through tempests the sunrays of freedom have cheered us,Along the new path where great Lenin did lead.To a righteous cause he raised up the peoples,Inspired them to labour and valorous deed. CHORUS In the victory of Communism's deathless ideal,We see the future of our dear land.And to her fluttering scarlet banner,Selflessly true we always shall stand! CHORUS

  30. The Patriotic Song ("Патриотическая Песня") National Anthem of Russia 1991 – 2001 (1991-1999 without words) Music by Mikhail Glinka (first half of 19th c.) Lyrics by Viktor Radugin (1999)

  31. National Anthem of the Russian Federation (today) Music by Aleksander Aleksandrov (1943) Words by Sergey Mikhalkov (2000) 1. O Russia, for ever you're strong, sacred country!O Russia, for ever the land that we love!The glory that's great and the will that is mighty -So be they thy virtue for ages to come. CHORUSPraised be the Fatherland, cherishing home of ours -Centuries-old union of peoples in free,Popular wisdom given us by forefathers.Praised be our country! And we're proud of thee! 2. From seas in the South and up to polar borderOur woods and our meadows have stretched far away.Alone in the whole world, you stand one and only!By God saved as ever our dear native land. CHORUS 3. For generous dreaming, for living and longingThe years approaching give us ample scope.With faith in our Homeland we are getting stronger.It was so, it is so and it will be so!

  32. Patriotic song (Second World War) Священная война - Holy war Music by Aleksander Aleksandrov (1941) Words by Vasily Lebedev-Kumach(1941)

  33. Outline 1. Music Culture and Nation Building 2. National Anthems 3. Poland 4. Ukraine 5. Russia and the Soviet Union 6. Conclusion

  34. Conclusion • Folk songs – ‘spirit of the nation’ (low culture) • National opera, symphonies, national composers (high culture) – national topic, national language, folk tunes • Anthems – symbols of the nation • Patriotic songs (often marches) – mobilising effect

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