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The Respiratory System

PART 5. The Respiratory System. Neural Control of Ventilation. Most important respiratory center VRG – ventral respiratory group Located in reticular formation in the medulla oblongata Neurons generate respiratory rhythm. Respiratory Centers in the Brain Stem. Figure 21.17.

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The Respiratory System

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  1. PART 5 The Respiratory System

  2. Neural Control of Ventilation • Most important respiratory center • VRG – ventral respiratory group • Located in reticular formation in the medulla oblongata • Neurons generate respiratory rhythm

  3. Respiratory Centers in the Brain Stem Figure 21.17

  4. Neural Control of Ventilation • Respiratory center • Generates baseline respiration rate • In the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata • Chemoreceptors • Sensitive to rising and falling oxygen levels • Central chemoreceptors – located in medulla • Peripheral chemoreceptors • Aortic bodies • Carotid bodies

  5. Location of Peripheral Chemoreceptors Figure 21.18

  6. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures • Bronchial asthma • A type of allergic inflammation • Hypersensitivity to irritants in the air or to stress • Asthma attacks characterized by • Contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle • Secretion of mucus in airways

  7. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) • Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult • Obstructive emphysema • Chronic bronchitis • History of smoking

  8. Alveolar Changes in Emphysema Figure 21.19

  9. Disorders of Lower Respiratory Structures • Cystic fibrosis (CF) – inherited disease • Exocrine gland function is disrupted • Respiratory system affected by • Oversecretion of viscous mucus

  10. Disorders of Upper Respiratory Structures • Epistaxis – nosebleed • Epiglottitis – inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis

  11. The Respiratory System Throughout Life • By week 4 of development • Olfactory placodes appear • Invaginate to form olfactory pits • Laryngotracheal bud • Forms trachea, bronchi, and bronchi subdivisions • Reaches functional maturity late in development

  12. The Respiratory System Throughout Life Figure 21.20a, b

  13. Aging of the Respiratory System • Number of glands in the nasal mucosa declines • Nose dries • Produces thickened mucus • Thoracic wall becomes more rigid • Lungs lose elasticity • Oxygen levels in the blood may fall

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