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Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices. Chapter 3. Principles and Learning Objectives.

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Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices

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  1. Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3 Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  2. Principles and Learning Objectives • Assembling an effective, efficient computer system requires an understanding of its relationship to the information system and the organization. The computer system objectives are subordinate to, but supportive of, the information system and the needs of the organization. • Describe how to select and organize computer system components to support information system objectives and business organization needs. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  3. Principles and Learning Objectives • When selecting computer devices, you also must consider the current and future needs of the information system and the organization.Your choice of a particular computer system device should always allow for later improvements. • Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central processing and memory devices. • Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of secondary storage devices. • Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and output devices. • Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  4. Hardware Components • Central processing unit (CPU) • Primary storage (main memory; memory) • Secondary storage • Input devices • Output devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  5. Hardware Components Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  6. Hardware Components in Action • Step 1: Fetch instruction • Step 2: Decode instruction • Step 3: Execute the instruction • Step 4: Store results Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  7. Hardware Components in Action Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  8. Processing & Memory Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  9. Processing Characteristics and Functions • Machine cycle time is measured in: • Microseconds (1 millionth) • Nanoseconds (1 billionth) • Picoseconds (1 trillionth) • MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  10. Processing Characteristics and Functions • Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time • Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second • Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second • Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  11. Clock Speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  12. Wordlength and Bus Line Width • Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer • Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit • Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  13. Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Digital circuits on chips • Electrical current flows through silicon • Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  14. Physical Characteristics of the CPU • Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance • Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  15. Moore’s Law Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  16. Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing • Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible • Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  17. Memory Characteristics and Functions Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  18. Storage Capacity Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  19. Types of Memory Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  20. Types of RAM • EDO (Extended Data Out) • DRAM (Dynamic RAM) • SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  21. Types of ROM • ROM (read-only memory) • PROM (programmable read-only memory) • EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  22. Cache Memory Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  23. Multiprocessing • Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time • Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  24. Massively Parallel Processing Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  25. Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  26. Secondary Storage • Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy • Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  27. Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  28. Access Methods • Sequential: records must be retrieved in order • Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) • Direct: records can be retrieved in any order • Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  29. Devices • Magnetic tapes • Magnetic disks • RAID • Storage area networks (SAN) • Optical disks • Magneto-optical (MO) disks • Digital versatile disks (DVDs) Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  30. Types of Secondary Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  31. Magnetic Disks Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  32. Storage Area Network Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  33. Digital Versatile Disk Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  34. Additional Devices and Media • Memory cards • Flash memory • Expandable storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  35. Expandable Storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  36. Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  37. Characteristics and Functionality • Data - can be human or machine readable • Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form • Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system • Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  38. Input and Output Devices Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  39. Input Devices • Personal computer input devices • Keyboard • Mouse • Voice-recognition devices • Digital cameras • Terminals Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  40. Digital Computer Cameras Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  41. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  42. Output Devices • Display monitors • Printers and plotters • Music devices • Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) • Active matrix • Passive matrix Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  43. Printers Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  44. Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  45. Computer System Types Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  46. Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  47. Standards Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  48. Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems • Hard drive considerations • Main memory considerations • Printer considerations Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  49. Price List Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

  50. Summary • Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS • Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle • Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data • Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition

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