World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water

1. WMO World Meteorological OrganizationWorking together in weather, climate and water Submarine Cables for Ocean/Climate Monitoring and Disaster Warning ITU- UNESCO/IOC- WMO Workshop Dr Wenjian ZHANG, D/OBS, WMO September 8, 2011, ROME www.wmo.int

2. I: Brief Introduction of The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) • The WMO is the UN system's authoritative voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces and the resulting distribution of water resources. • The Vision of the WMO ： To provide world leadership in expertise and international co-operation in • Weather, • Climate, • Water, and • related environmental issues, • and thereby to contribute to the safety and well being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.

3. Organizational Structure of WMO (189 Members) CONGRESS ExecutiveCouncil Regional Associations Technical Commissions Working Groups Rapporteurs Working Groups Rapporteurs Other Joint Bodies WCRP , IPCC GCOS Working Groups Panel of Experts Secretary-General Secretariat WMO/OMM Dr W. Zhang, WMO Presentation @ ITU/IOC/WMO Workshop, Rome, Italy

4. WMO Global Observing System (GOS) World Weather Watch - Global Observing System (GOS, 1963), WMO backbone system • Surface & Ocean in situ observing networks • Upper-air networks • Surface remote sensing (Radar) networks • Airborne and observations • Satellite constellations

6. GOS Space-based development 1961 1978 1990 2009

7. Historic Evolution of Weather Prediction Skills Source: Martin Miller, ECMWF

8. II: WMO New Initiative on Climate Services -Observation challenges and new data & information needs

9. World Climate Conference-3 Aug 31 – Sept 4, 2009, GENEVA

10. The five main elements of the GFCS

11. Major Gaps in the Three Domains Atmosphere Ocean Terrestrial Polar Regions (all three domains)

12. Weather & Climate Prediction Focus 1980-2005 1day 1week 1month 1season 1year 1 decade 1 century

13. The Seamless Prediction Problem 1day 1week 1month 1season 1year 1 decade 1 century Fronts Convective systems Cyclones MJO ENSO PDO NAO AMO Blocks QBO

14. The Seamless Prediction Problem Ice sheets atmospheric chemistry land moisture vegetation ocean skin upper full atmosphere region global 1day 1week 1month 1season 1year 1 decade 1 century Fronts Convec systems Cyclones MJO ENSO PDO NAO AMO Blocks QBO

15. Need an Integrated Global Observing System meet all requirements：WIGOS

16. A Seamless Prediction Framework Forecast Uncertainty Forecast Lead Time Applications Climate Change. Centuries Scenarios Decades Anthropogenic Forcing Climate Variability Years Outlook Prediction Seasons Guidance Months Boundary Conditions Threats Assessments 2 Weeks Weather 1 Week Forecasts Initial Conditions Days Watches Hours Warnings & Alert Coordination Adapted from: NOAA Minutes Energy Health State/Local Planning Recreation Commerce Ecosystem Space Applications Hydropower Protection of Life & Property Environment Fire Weather Agriculture Water Management Water Resource Planning Transportation

17. GFCS needs observing the Earth as a Complex System Surface Winds Precipitation Reflection and Transmission Evaporation Transpiration Surface Temperature Land Atmosphere Circulation Surface Winds Precipitation Reflection and Transmission Surface Temperature Evaporation Currents Upwelling Infiltration Runoff Nutrient Loading Surface Temperature Currents Ocean

18. WMO Co-sponsored Global Observing Systems --Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) IOC-led, UNEP， WMOand ICSU Current coverage • JCOMM Observations Programme Area (OPA) Implementation Goals now taking into account

20. Disaster Warning:Global Challenges We ShareAs society becomes more complex we become more sensitive to natural and human induced variability, particularly along coast areas Global Hotspot study (World Bank with ProVention Consortium) Risk levels: Top 30%:Red; Middle 30%:yellow; Lowest 40%: Blue: 35 countries have more than 5% pop in areas at risk from three or more hazards 96 countries have more than 10% pop in areas at risk from two or more hazards 160 countries have more than 25% pop in areas at risk from one or more hazards

21. WMO perspective on regarding global ocean observations • IOC-WMO-UNEP-ICSU Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) • Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) coordinating implementation of the global component of GOOS • JCOMM Observations Programme Area (OPA) Implementation Goals now taking into account • 2010 update of the GCOS-IP (and satellite supplement) • Progress report on the GCOS-IP • Outcome of OceanOBS’09 (Venice, September 2009) • Outcome of WCC3 and developing GFCS • RRR and non-climate requirements (e.g. NWP, GCW, SIA, …)

22. Ocean Observation Panels Under JCOMM: • Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) • Drifters, tropical moorings, ice buoys • 10 Action Groups • E-SURFMAR, IABP, IPAB, ISABP, IBPIO, NPDBAP, GDP, TIP, OceanSITES, ITP • Ship Observations Team (SOT) • VOS (incl. VOSClim), ASAP, SOOP • Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) JCOMM having also links also with: • Argo (profiling floats) • OceanSITES (long-term deepwater reference stations) • IOCCP (Ocean Carbon)

23. Issues • Achieving global coverage by in situ networks • JCOMM OPA Implementation Goals – 62% completed • Integrated approach (complementarity of obs. Systems) • Ocean observations also used for • NWP, SIA • Ocean Mesoscale Forecast • Coastal marine services • Multi-harzard warning systems • System-wide monitoring and performance reporting • JCOMM Metrics • WMO Rolling Review of Requirements (RRR) • Funding to meet implementation targets

24. The Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) -III • Ocean sub-surface variables • For met-ocean applications, and in the latter part of the medium-range for GNWP (~7-15 days) and for SIAF, the role of the sub-surface layers of the ocean becomes increasingly important, and hence observations of these variables, particularly temperature and salinity, become relevant. • Argo is the major source of sub-surface temperature and salinity observations, providing global coverage to ~2000 m, mostly with acceptable-to-good spatial resolution, but only marginal temporal resolution in the tropics. • The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO)/TRITON moored buoy network provides data of good frequency and accuracy, and acceptable spatial resolution, of sub-surface temperature for the tropical Pacific. The tropical moored networks in the Atlantic (PIRATA) and the Indian (RAMA) Oceans are better than marginal but do not yet have long-term commitment. • The Ships-of-Opportunity Programme (SOOP) provides data of acceptable spatial resolution over some regions of the globe but temporal resolution is marginal. SOOP is evolving to provide enhanced temporal resolution along some specific lines. There will be a need for continuity of those measurements.

25. Major challenges in four Areas Data policy & sharing Quality and long-term consistence Historical Data Rescue New Observing Capability & Impact

26. Accuracy, PrecisionRepresentativenessMeasurement traceabilityLong-time series stabilityReducing uncertainty…… Ensure the quality of the observations to meet GFCS requirements, data rescue

27. New observations for ocean are needed urgently! Submarine cable: new opportunity for us The predictability of ENSO • Seasonal climate predictions require information below the surface for many tens of metres depth, • For decadal climate prediction, information from the full depth of the ocean may be needed.

28. WMO Impact Studies will give us the impact of the new observation to weather/climate services AIRS+IASI contribute to 23.8% error reduction 4 AMSU-A contribute to 17.2% error reduction RAOBs contribute to 7.9% error reduction The order of the top five and their contribution to error reduction is: AMSU-A (4 satellites) 17.2% IASI (one satellite) 12.0% AIRS (one satellite) 11.8% AIRREP (aircraft temperature and winds) 9.3% GPSRO (bending angles) 8.5% TEMP (radiosonde winds, humidity, and temperatures) 7.9% QuikSCAT (scatterometer surface winds over the oceans) 5.2%

29. Data and Products access and availability - Brief introduction to WMO Information System (WIS)

30. What is WIS? • A catalogue of available data & products • Seamless discovery, access and retrieval of data and products (DAR) across all WMO systems, including collaborators and partners. • A network to exchange data • Exchange of operational critical and time critical information as well as less critical and high volume data (GTS is an integral part of WIS) • WIS serves all WMO programs and is open to partners outside • GOOS,GEOSS, HYCOS, WIGOS, GFCS,.. • Other UN organizations (FAO,WHO), research organizations, other partners • Benefits of WIS • Data management inside WMO and inside Members will be improved. • This also increases the relevancy of WMO to other communities • Data remains under the data provider’s control

31. Search in WIS SearchRequest marine warnings in area bounded by 40W to 10W and 45N to 70N SearchResults Information request to custodian http://weather.gmdss.org/I.html Centre publishes metadata to GISC DAR catalogue Retrieve information Security/authentication/authorization and even charging is managed by each service provider GISC – DAR service User searches for metadata then retrieves information from data custodian NC/DCPC information access service

32. Who am I? (NC,DCPC or GISC) • National Centre? (NC) • Collect and/or produce national information • Typically a NMC • Data Collection or Production Centre? (DCPC) • Collect and/or produce regional or thematic information or are a communications hub • centre with regional role (e.G GRUAN, Arctic Data centre, RCC) • Global Information System Centres? (GISC) • Hold WMO metadata catalogue, 24hr cache of all GTS data , and act as core comm’s hub • Substantial technical and global/regional support commitment needed NCs and DCPCs are data (and metadata) providers. GICS are mere infrastructure centres.The same NMHS can implement several types of WIS centres

33. WIS virtual structure maps onto the GTS New virtual structure - Metadata is uploaded from NC & DCPC to GISC (using GTS or others means)- Data communication network comprises, but is not limited to the GTS (also internet, satellite, others) GISC<-> RTH DCPC <-> RTH/NMC NC <-> NMC GTS structure remains in place for exchange of time-critical and operation-critical data and products

34. What is that status of WIS? WIS will become operational in Jan 2012, as affirmed by Cg XVI • Main infrastructure centres (GISC) in operational or pre-operational state in regions II,III,IV and VI as designated/noted by Cg. • Over 50 data providers (NC,DCPC) designated • Main task is to bring all WMO members and partners on board • List of current WIS centres http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/WIS/centres/index_en.php Conclusion: WIS is one of the operational tools for us to access, disseminate, share and archive of our submarine cable observational data for supporting our research, operation and services.

35. WMO Thank you

36. The Vision of the WMO To provide world leadership in expertise and international co-operation in • Weather, • Climate, • Water, and • related environmental issues, and thereby to contribute to the safety and well being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.