What is Diabetes Mellitus ?

1. What is Diabetes Mellitus ?

2. What is Diabetes?

3. DIABETES Greek MELLITUS Latin To pass water like a siphon Sweet as honey

4. Diabetes Mellitus “Sweet Urine” It is a longstanding disease characterized by high blood sugar levels. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine.

5. What is glucose? Glucose is an essential nutrient that provides energy for the proper functioning of the body cells. FUEL CAR needs fuel to move MAN needs glucose to work

6. G G G G G What is glucose? “Glucose in digested food is absorbed by the intestines into the blood and carried to all the cells in the body. Glucose needs insulin to enter the cells.”

7. What is Insulin? Insulin is produced by the PANCREAS especially during meals. Without insulin, glucose can’t enter the cells and remains in the blood.

8. G G G G G Glucose G Key = Insulin G Keyhole = Insulin Receptor Cell = Powerplant

9. Keyhole = Insulin Receptor G G G G G CELL = POWERPLANT Key = Insulin

10. G G G G G G G Energy G G G G CELL = POWERPLANT

11. What causes it? Insufficient production of insulin or the inability of cells to use insulin (insulin resistance). G G G G G G G G G G Type 2 DM defective insulin receptor (keyhole) with insufficient insulin Type 1 DM insulin (key) absent

12. Do I have Diabetes?

13. CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES

14. GLUCOSE REGULATION GLUCOSE INSULIN

15. GLUCOSE REGULATION GLUCOSE INSULIN

16. ETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS • TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS • ß-cell dysfunction leading to absolute insulin deficiency • TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS • predominant insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency or • predominant secretory defect with insulin resistance • OTHER SPECIFIC TYPES • GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

17. DM TYPE 1

18. DM TYPE 2

19. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES Increased thirst Excessive urination Increased appetite

20. SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE Excessive Urination Frequent Thirst

21. POLYURIA -increased amount of daily urine

22. SYMPTOMS OF ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE POLYPHAGIA ITCHINESS

23. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES Weakness and Fatigue Weight Loss Poor Wound Healing Blurring of Vision

24. WHO GETS DIABETES MELLITUS? AGE RACE/ COLOR SEX/ GENDER RELIGION

25. TRIGGERING MECHANISM

26. CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS HEREDITY OLD AGE OBESITY

27. GENETICS OF DIABETES

28. PATTERN OF INHERITANCE DM TYPE 2 DM TYPE 1

29. CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS PREGNANCY ILLNESS SURGERY MEDICATIONS

30. COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS DIABETIC RETINOAPTHY DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY DIABETIC NEUROPATHY MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

31. DIABETIC RETINOPATHY DM RETINOPATHY NORMAL RETINA

32. DIABETES AND KIDNEY DISEASE 15 % 29 % 30-40 % PEOPLE ON DIALYSIS PEOPLE WITH KIDNEY DISEASE PEOPLE RECEIVING KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION

33. DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

34. MACROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS

35. PEOPLE AFFLICTED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS • 25 times more prone to BLINDNESS • 17 times more prone to KIDNEY DISEASE • 5 times more prone to GANGRENE • 2 times more prone to HEART DISEASE • 90 times more prone to NEUROPATHY

36. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES

37. SUGAR FREE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES Diet

38. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS Exercise

39. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS INSULIN

40. MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS Education

41. The Philippine College of Physicians wishes to acknowledge the following for their invaluable efforts in the preparation of this module Elaine Matawaran, MD Elaine Cunanan, MD Rosa Allyn G. Sy, MD Committee on Advocacy & Public Relations Philippine Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism