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Chapter 4 The Cell In Action

Chapter 4 The Cell In Action. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. What would happen if…. If a factory’s power supply was cut off or if its supply of raw materials never arrived? If the factory could never get rid of its garbage?. If a cell couldn’t exchange nutrients, vital materials, and

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Chapter 4 The Cell In Action

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  1. Chapter 4The Cell In Action Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  2. What would happen if… • If a factory’s power supply was cut off or if its supply of raw materials never arrived? • If the factory could never get rid of its garbage? • If a cell couldn’t exchange • nutrients, vital materials, and • waste with its environment

  3. HOW DO MATERIALS MOVE IN AND OUT OF CELLS? Phosphoflourescent Injection of bacteria into macrophage sample

  4. Diffusion • Gelatin/Dye Experiment • At first it is easy to see where the gelatin ends and the dye begins. • What happens over time? • Why does this happen?

  5. Diffusion • The particles of dye and gelatin slowly begin to mix because of diffusion. • Diffusion – the movement of ______________________ _____________________________. (Until __________ is reached or a __________ resists the process). • Note: all substances are made of particles of varying size • In other words they travel from ______________ to ________________ until the crowds are ____________ ______________________________________________.

  6. Diffusion Consider 2 rooms filled with people Cell Membrane

  7. Diffusionto Equilibrium Cell Membrane

  8. http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.htmlhttp://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.html • http://www.biosci.ohiou.edu/introbioslab/Bios170/diffusion/Diffusion.html • http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusion.html • http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Cells%20and%20Diffusion • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120068/bio03.swf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion

  9. Equilibrium • When the concentration of a substance on the outside of the semi-permeable membrane ________________________ ________________ on the inside of the semi-permeable membrane.

  10. FACT – All organisms need water to live • FACT – The cells of living organisms are surrounded by and filled with fluids that are made mostly of water.

  11. OSMOSIS • Osmosis – the diffusion of ________ through the cell membrane from ______________________ ________________________________________ • FACT – water is made up of particles. Pure water has the highest concentration of water particles. • How would you lower the concentration of pure water?

  12. OSMOSIS JONES

  13. The Cell and Osmosis • Water particles will move from areas of high concentration to areas of lower concentration. • The direction of flow depends only on the level of concentration. H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O Diffusion Osmosis NaCl H2O h H2O H2O NaCl H2O NaCl

  14. Osmosis links • http://zoology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/tutorials/Flash/Osmosis_Animation.htm • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/transport/osmosis.swf • http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cells/Osmosis.htm • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/ce/m3/s3/cem3s3_3.htm • http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/01cellbiology/05pathways/10osmosis/index.shtml

  15. Red Blood Cells • Link to Red blood cell lysing

  16. Plant Cells

  17. Crossing Membranes Demo • Try dried grapes – in pure water will swell up • - in water mixed with a lot of sugar or salt it will shrink • Do the iodine-water-starch demo in front of class

  18. Many particles, such as water and oxygen can diffuse though the semi-permeable phospholipid cell membrane because of their small size. • But what happens to molecules that are too large such as sugars or amino acids?

  19. Passive and Active Transport In order to understand these types of transport you have to know that these types of transport ___________________ ___________________________________; allowing particles to travel in and out.

  20. 1. The activities of a cell depend on the materials that enter and leave the cell. 2. To stay alive, a CELL MUST EXCHANGE Materials such as Food and Waste With Its ENVIRONMENT. 3.  These materials must cross the Cell Membrane. 4. Small molecules like WATER, OXYGEN, AND CARBON DIOXIDE can move in and out freely. 5. Large molecules like PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES CANNOT. 6. The Cell Membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE. 7. A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE OR SELECTIVELY PERMMEABLE ONLY ALLOWS Certain molecules tp pass through

  21. Passive Transport – the diffusion of particle through the proteins. • ____________________________________ • ____________________________________ • (just like diffusion but can only occur at the protein doorways)

  22. Passive Transport

  23. Active Transport • Active Transport – the movement of particles through the protein doorways • _______________________________________________________________________ • ___________________________________ • ____________________________________

  24. ACTIVE TRANSPORT - is especially IMPORTANT in MAINTAINING ION CONCENTRATION IN CELLS AND BETWEEN CELLS

  25. http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/01cellbiology/05pathways/07passivefacilitated/index.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/education/asguru/biology/01cellbiology/05pathways/07passivefacilitated/index.shtml

  26. Other Means of Transport • Endocytosis – the cell membrane _________________ _________________ it in a vesicle formed from the pinched off circular piece of cell membrane. • Exocytosis – ____________are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum or at the golgi complex and carried to the ___________ __________ where the vesicle __ __________________ the contents of the vesicle

  27. MINI QUIZ • What part of the cell do materials pass through to get into and out of the cell? • What is osmosis? • How do large molecules move through the cell (and at what structure)?

  28. Why do you get hungry? • It’s your body’s way of telling you that your cell’s need energy. (Just like feeling the need to breathe it’s cells craving oxygen)

  29. It All Starts With the Sun (and it all stops without the sun) Nearly all the energy that fuels life ___________________ Its light is changed into food by plants through the process of photosynthesis. The food that plants make not only supplies them with energy but also for organisms that that eat the plants.

  30. Photosynthesis • Occurs inside of chlorophyll which is inside of chloroplasts _____________ _________________ _____________ _________________ ______________ _________________ Light Energy Light Energy

  31. Glucose The By-Products Of Photosynthesis • __________________________________ ___________________________________ • Carbohydrates are a storable form of energy Oxygen • Necessary for all life

  32. How is energy derived from Food? • Food molecules (ie. Sugars) must be __________________________________ • This is accomplished via 2 different processes: • _______________________ • _______________________

  33. Cellular Respiration = aerobic respiration • Uses _______________ • Glucose + Oxygen ________________________________ (The waste products of cellular respiration)

  34. Most of the energy released is in the form of heat. The rest is ATP. • In eukaryotes the cellular respiration takes place in ______________________

  35. Fermentation = anaerobic glycolysis - does not use oxygen - leads to the production of small amounts of ATP - produces by-product = lactic acid

  36. Mini Quiz True or False • Plants and animals capture their energy from the sun. • Cellular respiration describes how a cell breathes. • Fermentation produces ATP and lactic acid.

  37. The Cell Cycle In the human body, 10,000,000 new cells are produced every minute. The cell cycle begins when the _____________ (or after the last division and ends _________________; at which point it begins again. Note: The cell cycle does not end when the cell dies.

  38. Before a cell divides it must: • __________________ • __________________ • Done in the process of copying the chromosomes. • How many chromosomes are there in a human? Fruit Fly? A potato?

  39. Human - 46 chromosomes • (23 pairs) • Fruit Fly - 8 chromosomes • (4 pairs) • Potato - 48 chromosomes • (24 pairs) • The number of chromosomes has nothing to do with the complexity of an organism

  40. Question??? What does DNA code for?

  41. Prokaryotic Cell Division • Cell division is called ________________. • Simple because a bacteria only has a single circular DNA and some ribosomes

  42. Eukaryotic Cell Division More complex because there is so much DNA and because the DNA incorporates proteins into its structure.

  43. 3 stages of eukaryotic cell division • Stage 1 – The cell grows and copies its organelles and chromosomes • Stage 2 – Chromatid Separation = Mitosis 3) Stage 3 – Cell division into two cells identical to the original cell

  44. _________ = eukaryotic cell division • The process of _____________________ • Ensures that each cell receives a copy of each chromosome. • 4 phases

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