Reinhard Laubenbacher Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Mathematics Department Virginia Tech

1. Polynomial dynamical systems over finite fields, with applications to modeling and simulation of biological networks.IMA Workshop on Applications of Algebraic Geometry in Biology, Dynamics, and StatisticsMarch 6, 2007 Reinhard Laubenbacher Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Mathematics Department Virginia Tech

2. Polynomial dynamical systems Let k be a finite field and f1, … , fn k[x1,…,xn] f = (f1, … , fn) : kn → kn is an n-dimensional polynomial dynamical system over k. Natural generalization of Boolean networks. Fact: Every function kn → k can be represented by a polynomial, so all finite dynamical systems kn → kn are polynomial dynamical systems.

3. Example k = F3 = {0, 1, 2}, n = 3 f1 = x1x22+x3, f2 = x2+x3, f3 = x12+x22. Dependency graph (wiring diagram)

4. http://dvd.vbi.vt.edu

6. Motivation: Gene regulatory networks “[The] transcriptional control of a gene can be described by a discrete-valued function of several discrete-valued variables.” “A regulatory network, consisting of many interacting genes and transcription factors, can be described as a collection of interrelated discrete functions and depicted by a wiring diagram similar to the diagram of a digital logic circuit.” Karp, 2002

7. Nature 406 2000

10. Motivation (2): a mathematical formalism for agent-based simulation • Example 1: Game of life • Example 2: Large-scale simulations of population dynamics and epidemiological networks (e.g., the city of Chicago) Need a mathematical formalism.

11. Network inference using finite dynamical systems models Variables x1, … , xn with values in k. (s1, t1), … , (sr, tr) state transition observations with sj, tjkn. Network inference: Identify a collection of “most likely” models/dynamical systems f=(f1, … ,fn): kn→ kn such that f(sj)=tj.

12. Important model information obtained from f=(f1, … ,fn): • The “wiring diagram” or “dependency graph” directed graph with the variables as vertices; there is an edge i → j if xi appears in fj. • The dynamics directed graph with the elements of kn as vertices; there is an edge u → v if f(u) = v.

13. The Hallmarks of Cancer Hanahan & Weinberg (2000)

14. The model space Let I be the ideal of the points s1, … , sr, that is, I = <f k[x1, … xn] | f(si)=0 for all i>. Let f = (f1, … , fn) be one particular feasible model. Then the space M of all feasible models is M = f + I = (f1 + I, … , fn + I).

15. Wiring diagrams Problem: Given data (si,ti), i=1, … , r, (a collection of state transitions for one node in the network),find all minimal (wrt inclusion) sets of variables y1, … , ym{x1, … , xn}such that (f +I)∩ k[y1, … , ym] ≠ Ø. Each such minimal set corresponds to a minimal wiring diagram for the variable under consideration.

16. The “minimal sets” algorithm For a  k, let Xa = {si | ti = a}. Let X = {Xa | a  k}. Then f 0+I = M = {f  k[x] | f(p) = a for all p  Xa}. Want to find f M which involves a minimal number of variables, i.e., there is no g  M whose support is properly contained in supp(f).

17. The algorithm Definitions. • For F {1, … , n}, let RF = k[xi | i  F]. • Let ΔX = {F | M ∩ RF ≠ Ø}. • For p Xa, q Xb, a ≠ b  k, let m(p, q) = pi≠qi xi. Let MX= monomial ideal in k[x1, … , xn] generated by all monomials m(p, q)for all a, b  k. (Note that ΔX is a simplicial complex, and MX is the face ideal of the Alexander dual of ΔX.)

18. The algorithm Proposition. (Jarrah, L., Stigler, Stillman) A subset F of {1, … , n} is in ΔXif and only if the ideal < xi | i  F > contains the ideal MX.

19. The algorithm Corollary. To find all possible minimal wiring diagrams, we need to find all minimal subsets of variables y1, … , ym such that MXis contained in <y1, … , ym>. That is, we need to find all minimal primes containing MX.

20. Scoring method Let F = {F1, … , Ft} be the output of the algorithm. For s = 1, … , n, let Zs = # sets in F with s elements. For i = 1, … , n, let Wi(s) = # sets in F of size s which contain xi. S(xi):= ΣWi(s) / sZs where the sum extends over all s such that Zs ≠ 0. T(Fj):= ΠxiFj S(xi). Normalization  probability distribution on F of min. var. sets This scoring method has a bias toward small sets.

21. Model selection Problem: The model space f + I is WAY TOO BIG Solution: Use “biological theory” to reduce it.

22. “Biological theory” • Limit the structure of the coordinate functions fi to those which are “biologically meaningful.” (Characterize special classes computationally.) • Limit the admissible dynamical properties of models. (Identify and computationally characterize classes for which dynamics can be predicted from structure.)

23. Nested canalyzing functions

24. Nested canalyzing functions

25. A non-canalyzing Boolean network f1 = x4 f2 = x4+x3 f3 = x2+x4 f4 = x2+x1+x3

26. A nested canalyzing Boolean network g1 = x4 g2 = x4*x3 g3 = x2*x4 g4 = x2*x1*x3

27. Polynomial form of nested canalyzing Boolean functions

28. The vector space of Boolean polynomial functions

29. The variety of nested canalyzing functions

30. Input and output values as functions of the coefficients

31. The algebraic geometry Corollary. The ideal of relations defining the class of nested canalyzing Boolean functions on n variables forms an affine toric variety over the algebraic closure of F2. The irreducible components correspond to the functions that are nested canalyzing with respect to a given variable ordering. (joint work with Jarrah, Raposa)

32. Dynamics from structure Theorem. Let f = (f1, … , fn) : kn → kn be a monomial system. • If k = F2, then f is a fixed point system if and only if every strongly connected component of the dependency graph of f has loop number 1. (Colón-Reyes, L., Pareigis) • The case for general k can be reduced the Boolean + linear case. (Colón-Reyes, Jarrah, L., Sturmfels)

33. Questions • What are good classes of functions from a biological and/or mathematical point of view? • What extra mathematical structure is needed to make progress? • How does the nature of the observed data points affect the structure of f + I and MX?

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