Future Diesel Emission Limits:

1. Future Diesel Emission Limits: Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Update 2008 Channel Partner Sales Meeting

2. Overview • What is “PMP” • On the road to Euro 5 and Euro 6, Regulations 83 and 49 • Recent PMP activities • Consolidation of PN measurement results • JRC Calibration workshop • TSI Offering for PMP-measurements • Some measurements

3. PMP Overview • The Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) was established in May 2001 • Purpose: to develop a new system for measuring ultrafine particles emitted from light- and heavy-duty vehicles, which could either replace or complement the existing filter-based, gravimetric PM measurements used for type approval • Main driver is health effects of ultrafine particles • Diesel exhaust is widely recognized as a major source of ultrafine particles • Today >50% of new, European passenger vehicles are diesel-powered • CARB signed memorandum of understanding (MOU) with EU JRC for PMP project in Nov. of 2005 and plan to join HD engine testing program

4. EU Commission adds PN-Limit to proposed Euro 5/6 26 April 2007 The European Commission has added a particle number limit to its Euro 5/6 proposed emission standards for light-duty vehicles. Particle number emissions from diesel cars would be measured according to the procedure developed by the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). It is the first introduction of a particle number emission limit in any diesel emission regulation for new engines or vehicles in the world. The revisions were introduced last month to the technical part of the proposed regulation. The proposed number emission limit of 6 × 1011 particles per km(recently revised spec per Jon Andersson, “Golden Engineer” of PMP test program)would be applicable to all categories of light-duty diesel vehicles at the Euro 5 (2009.09) and Euro 6 (2014.09). Only solid particles are counted, as volatile material is removed from the sample, according to the PMP procedure. The proposed numerical limit reflects the technical capabilities of diesel engines fitted with wall-flow particulate filters. The limit is very stringent—it is believed that wall-flow filter materials with larger pore sizes, such as those being developed for coating with complex catalyst systems for simultaneous NOx and PM emission reduction, may actually fail the proposed standard…. Source: www.dieselnet.com

5. PMP ILCE-LD Final Report Published 12 June 2007 The European Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) has published “Light-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report”, authored by Jon Andersson and co-authors, which summarizes the results and findings from Phase 3 of the study. ….For PM mass measurement, a modified filter method similar to that currently used in Europe, but incorporating changes broadly based on the US 2007 emission certification testing procedure. For particle number measurement, a new method using a condensation particle counter (CPC), a selected size range (23 nm - 2.5 µm), and sample pre-conditioning at 300°C in an evaporation tube. The procedure has been designed to count solid particles only, and to eliminate volatile particles…. Source: www.dieselnet.com

6. Nucleation mode, formed as exhaust cools (uncontrolled) Accumulation mode, soot, stable, very reproducible (23 nm to ~ 2.5 – 10 µm) PNC measurement range according to PMP Source: Kittelson, D. B., 1998. Engines and Nano-particles: A Review. J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 29, No. 5/6, pp. 575-588, 1998.

7. Why Thermodilution? • Particle number & size in emissions not stable • Particle size distributions undergo significant changes between tailpipe (source) and measurement instrumentation • Tailpipe exhaust is hot, highly concentrated and wet • Coagulation decreases particle number and increases size • Dilution stops/prevents coagulation • Nucleation mode particles are formed due to condensation of volatile gaseous compounds • Thermal conditioning prevents condensation Careful dilution and thermal conditioning needed!

8. Thermal Conditioning Effects T. Kawai, NTSEL (2004)

9. Recent PMP Progress • GRPE 54 agreed a Roadmap of work to address concerns with ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRPE/2007/8 (adding particle number measurement to Regulation 83) to allow a revised proposal to be adopted in January 2008 • Roadmap actions: • i) to compile additional existing PN results • ii) to improve calibration procedures • iii) to analyze accumulation of errors/system tolerances • iv) to demonstrate calibration procedures • Compile existing particle number test data from PMP compliant equipment used outside of the PMP ILCE • Data received from AECC, CARB, JAMA, Sweden, Concawe, UK, Toyota and Volkswagen • PMP compliant measurement systems used were the Horiba SPCS and Matter MD19+TSI PNC • Results were submitted on other measurement systems but no data was available to demonstrate that these systems met PMP solid particle penetration and volatile particle removal efficiency requirements Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

10. PMP – Improved Calibration Procedures • The following key revisions to the procedures were agreed by PMP: • VPR will be calibrated for particle concentration reduction factor (a combination of particle losses and dilution) which must not be excessively size dependent • PNC will be calibrated to reference electrometer level • This substantially reduces potential offset between systems by correcting out differences in particle losses and PNC linearity EMPA, METAS, TSI & AEA undertook measurements during August-September 2007 demonstrating the procedures and their repeatability Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

11. JRC PNC Calibration Workshop • The material dependence of the PNC calibration was one of the last issues to resolve • …which calibration material to use? • Further measurements were made at JRC in December 2007 to investigate the influence of aerosol material on PNC lower detection (cut-off) characteristic

12. JRC PNC Calibration WorkshopCont’d Source:http://www.unece.org/trans/doc/2008/wp29grpe/ECE-TRANS-WP29-GRPE-55-inf29e.pdf

13. JRC PNC Calibration WorkshopCont’d • However, it was also found that best possible correction for multiply-charged calibration particles is very important for reliable calibration results • TSI uses (and recommends) electrosprayed Emery Oil particles for EECPC calibration • These particles are generated containing onlysingly-charged particles • No multiple charge correction necessary

14. PMP Measurement Offering Meets all PMP criteria for research and certification Model 3790 Engine Exhaust Condensation Particle Counter (EECPC) Model 379020-30 Rotating Disk Thermodiluter with Thermal Conditioner Air Supply

15. Scheme of “Particle Sampling System” *Source: PROPOSAL FOR DRAFT SUPPLEMENT 07 TO THE 05 SERIES OF AMENDMENTS TO REGULATION No.83

16. Model 3790 EECPC • New saturator and condenser design: • Anti-spill, anti-flooding • Water removal • Improved temperature • control • Removable saturator • Meets all PMP specifications

17. Heated Diluter (PND1) Evaporation Tube (ET) Control Unit for Secondary Diluter (PND2) Control Unit for Rotating Disk Diluter Rotating Disk Thermodiluter with Thermal Conditioner Air Supply

18. Rotational Disk Diluter –Working Principle Heated Diluter Head (150 ˚C) Peristaltic Pump Dilution Air (preheated) Raw Exhaust To Instruments Variable Dilution 1:15 to 1:3000

19. NEDC (measured before DPF)

20. NEDC (measured after DPF)

21. 2008 Engine Emissions Conference Schedule • Trade show promotions • Do have some € set aside for show advertising

22. Target Customers • Light-duty vehicle manufacturers • Engine development companies • Manufacturers of exhaust aftertreatment systems • Manufacturers of fuel and lubrication • Test/Certification authorities • Participants of PMP Heavy Duty Inter-Lab Correlation Exercise and HD round robin testing

23. CP Assignment • PN regulation is only 3 years away! • Customers need to purchase equipment now!! • Identify, target and market to prospective customers today! • Target list of customers included in CD

24. HORIBA • Collaboration agreement with HORIBA • OEM CPC • MEXA-1000SPCS • Fully integrated, automated system

25. To Market Strategy • TSI sells components; customer does integration • HORIBA sells an integrated, automated (possibly custom) system • Therefore, • If customer wants components, TSI has product offering • If customer wants integrated system, recommend they talk with HORIBA • Agreement with HORIBA does not prevent TSI from selling standard products to any customer

26. ….last, but not least • Don’t forget to ask potential (or existing) PMP-customers about… • VPR validation • Electrostatic classifier, aerosol generators, CPC • PN calibration • Electrospray, electrostatic classifier, aerosol electrometer, accessories) • Soot size distribution and concentration measurements • High size resolution & steady state: SMPS • Transient test cycle: EEPS

27. Thank’s for your attention! Questions?