Biology ECO

1. Biology ECO I need to remember…….

2. I need to remember…. • Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane organelles or a true nucleus. • Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus where the DNA is located and membrane bound organelles. • Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually by fission or budding • Eukaryotic cells reproduce can reproduce sexually or asexually • Both have ribosomes • Both types of cells have some that have cell walls

3. Examples

4. I need to remember…. • Products of cellular respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration. • Cellular respiration occurs in both plants and animals. • Plants use sunlight to convert energy to make sugar and ATP and release oxygen. Without sunlight photosynthesis stops but plants continue cellular respiration. • ATP is used by both plant and animal cells.

5. Chemical Equations

6. I need to remember…. • Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. • Sometimes the movement requires energy. • When the number of molecules inside and outside of the cell are equal the cell has reached equilibrium and the solution is isotonic.

7. Examples

8. I need to remember… • Viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell • Viruses do not metabolize • Viruses are non-living • Viruses have nucleic acid • HIV is a virus that attacks and destroys the immune system. • Lysogenic infections occur when the nucleic acid of a virus combines with the DNA of a cell then replication of the virus begins.

9. Virus and Viral Replication

10. I need to remember… • The cell cycle is a continuous process of cell growth and reproduction • The cell cycle goes through interphase, the longest phase before under going mitosis and cytokinesis. • Cancer can develop during any part of interphase. A cancer cell is a cell that goes through the cell cycle continuously, never stopping in G0. Consuming the body’s resources. • Mitosis results in growth and repair • Checkpoints during the cell cycle make sure a cell is dividing correctly.

11. Cell Cycle

12. I need to remember…. • Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates serve as fuel. • Lipids store large amounts of energy.(form membranes, provide protection, waterproof and insulation) • Proteins have different functions depending on their structure. ( reaction ratesenzymes , regulate cell processes , form bone and muscle , and transport materials in and out of the cell) • Nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)store and transmit hereditary information. • Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and are produced by organisms.

13. Biomolecules

14. I need to remember…. • DNA contains 4 nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. • Adenine and guanine are purines -double rings. • Thymine and cytosine are pyrimidines-single rings. • Genes are pieces of DNA that pass traits to offspring. • Nucleotides are made up of a sugar(deoxyribose), a phosphate group, a nitrogen base and a hydrogen bond. • The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine found in DNA. • DNA is a double helix. • Hydrogen bonds are weak so the are easily broken making it easy to copy. • DNA is all living organisms • DNA is the blueprint of life.

15. DNA

16. I need to remember…. • Mutations are changes in DNA that can be inherited. • There are stop and start codons. • Mutations occur when a base is added, deleted or changed. • Not all mutations are harmful some are beneficial.( if it helps with fitness)

17. Mutations

18. I need to be able to…. • Analyze and make inferences about dominant and recessive traits. • Interpret and make predictions about genotypes and phenotypes. • Use a Punnett square involving sex-linked traits. • Predict the out come of monohybrid crosses and dihybrid crosses.

20. I need to remember…. • DNA evidence is used to determine how closely organisms are related. • Observing fossils allows scientists to understand how organisms develop (evolved) over time.

22. I need to remember…. • No organism or population of organisms is perfectly adapted to its ecosystem. • Natural selection does not produce perfection in the organisms that are adapted to an ecosystem. • Adaptations are due to genes that are inherited. • Natural selection occurs as the result of three conditions: • Variations in a population • Heritable traits • Different levels of fitness within a population • Survival of the fittest refers to an organisms ability to survive, reproduce, and pass on traits to their offspring. • An organism cannot adapt a population adapts and evolves. • Three types of evolution as a result of natural selection- convergent evolution, divergent evolution, and coevolution.

23. I need to remember…. • Scientist use internal and external characteristics to classify organisms into similar groups. • Within the hierarchial classification system, the domain is the group that includes the greatest number of organisms and exhibits the greatest diversity of organisms. • The species is the group that includes the fewest number of organisms and exhibits the least diversity of organisms. • Taxonomy is a branching classification system that provides a standardized method for grouping organisms.

25. I need to remember…. • Systems do not stand alone; they must work with systems to enable the organism to function properly. • Each system has specific functions that it must perform, but each system is closely connected to other systems in the body and works with them to perform its functions.

26. I need to remember…. • Plants like animals are composed of different systems that interact to benefit the plant and maintain homeostasis. • Some systems, enable the plant to respond to stimuli it receives from its environment, such as touch , light, and gravity. • One system cannot survive without interacting and depending on other systems in the plant. • Each system is composed of smaller systems; for example, the transport system is composed of xylem and phloem found in the leaves, stems and roots of plants. • The reproductive system reproduces either by sexual or asexual means, depending on the plant.

27. Plant Tissue

28. Plant Tropisms Thigmotropism Nastic Response

29. I need to remember…. • Species living in an ecosystem gradually change over time, as do the physical and chemical environments within that ecosystem. • Succession takes place because organisms interact with one another in an ecosystem. • Left undisturbed, succession follows predictable stages: primary, secondary and climax communities. • Autotrophs (plants) are the first pioneer species to inhabit an ecosystem in the primary stage; they create conditions that may be favorable to other autotrophs. • Heterotrophs follow autotrophs in the stages of succession-first herbivore heterotrophs and then carnivores and omnivores. • An ecosystems reaches stability when it becomes a climax community. In this stage it is stable, mature, self-sustaining, and has reached an ecological equilibrium.

30. Succession

31. Relationships Among Organisms • Organisms in an ecosystem exhibit different types of relationships as they interact. • Some ways organisms interact is by competing for food and other resources. • Relationships that may be found in an ecosystem include parasitism, commensalism, mutualisms, and predator prey.

32. Symbiosis

33. I need to remember…. • Organisms in an ecosystem interact in ways that can be shown in food chains and food webs. • Ecological pyramids are used to illustrate how organisms in an ecosystem transfer matter and energy from one trophic level to another. • Approximately 10%of the available energy in a trophic level is passed on to the next trophic level. The remaining energy, approximately 90%, is used for metabolic functions or dissipated as heat. • Sunlight- radiant energy- is transferred to plants through photosynthesis. Organisms that feed on plants are able to use about 10% of the energy that was available to the plants. The transfer and dissipation of energy continue from one trophic level to the next.

34. Trophic Levels Energy Pyramids

35. I need to remember…. • Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predator/prey relationships are all types of interactions that occur among organisms in an ecosystems. • The stability of an ecosystem can be affected by a natural disaster. • Natural disasters such as hurricanes, drought, floods and so on can alter the stability of an ecosystem. These disasters can cause some organisms to diminish in number or become extinct so that their niche in an ecosystem is altered. It can take years for an ecosystem to recover from a natural disaster and regain stability

36. Consider what would happen to this food web if a natural disaster occurred. Think about what would be lost and interrupted.

37. GOOD LUCK!!!!!! Everyone of you are capable of passing the BIOLOGY EOC 1.Take your time. 2. Read carefully. 3.Use context clues. 4. Do the easy ones first. 5. Skip the ones you don’t know then go back and answer them to the best of your ability. 6. If you don’t know an answer use the process of elimination. 7. Check your answers. 8.Check your Scantron. THINK POSITIVELY.