EDTHP 115 3/24/03 Reminders:

1. EDTHP 1153/24/03Reminders: • Exam #2 moved earlier -- from April 7 to April 4 • Exam #3 moved later-- from April 30 to May 2 • Mindy Kornhaber will come in on April 7 • Eyes on the Prize will be shown Monday, April 21 (not Monday, March 24) • Read Orfield for April 21, not this Wednesday • Exam will cover material through next Monday (including Kozol reading, but not Dr. Pong)

2. What is the role of schools? Big Question: Do schools alleviate or reinforce social inequalities?

3. IQ Test • What reflections do you have? • Mechanism for Sorting and Tracking (homogeneous grouping) • Led to curriculum differentiation • Represents much about schooling in the 20th century: History, Philosophy, Psychology, Ideology, Diversity • Hereditarian vs. Environmentalist Views

4. New Challenges/Problems of the 1890s and early 1900s • Immigration • Industrialization • Urbanization

5. Other connected social and educational concerns of early twentieth century • Child labor • Increased School Enrollment • Diverse school population • New types of work • Bad health of citizens/sanitation in cities • Uniformity of Curriculum • Outdated Curriculum • Rigidity of classroom instruction • Differences in achievement between children • Bad school facilities

6. General Goals of Progressive Educators • Schools should be adapted to the child, instead of adapting children to schools • The curriculum and instructional practices should be “modernized” • Away from the overly rigid, mechanized, “lock-step” instruction of the 1800s • Schools should meet the needs of the whole child—intellectual, physical, emotional • Schools should meet new needs of society

7. John Dewey 1890s 1930

8. Dewey’s Main Ideas • A commitment to democratic education • Authoritarian schools a disservice to society • Students should be free to test all ideas and values • Classrooms should be places where students learn to experience, engage directly in life activities, and learn to work together • Child-centeredness balanced with Subject-centeredness • Importance of scientific method

9. Pedagogical Progressives • John Dewey (1859-1952) • School and Society, 1899 • Education and Democracy, 1916 • Experience and Education, 1938 • William H. Kilpatrick • The Project Method • Progressive Education Association

10. Pedagogical Progressives Ideas • Democratic environments • Child-centered vs. subject centered • Children should play an active role in determining content of their education

11. Administrative Progressives Ellwood P. Cubberley, Stanford Professor and Reformer (Scientific Management) • Take schools out of politics • Base education on science not tradition • Efficient management of schools • Differentiate structure • Classify and differentiate students • Assimilate immigrants • Education is part of the battle in international competition

12. Administrative Progressives’ Specific Reforms • Administrative Reorganization • IQ Testing and Classification of Students • Curricular Differentiation (tracking) to “meet the needs of the individual student” • Including the addition of new courses • Career Counseling and Vocational Programs • Additions to structures of schooling—Junior High, Distinct High Schools

13. Social Reconstructionists • George Counts • “Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order,” 1933 • Opposed overly “child-centered” education • Stance on “indoctrination”

14. Diversity in the Progressive Era • Race • Class • Gender • Perceived physical or intellectual ability • Potential Vocation • Life adjustment education