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Osmoregulation and Excretion

Osmoregulation and Excretion. Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn. Osmoregulation: The Basics. Osmoconformers – Isoosmotic with surroundings Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment

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Osmoregulation and Excretion

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  1. Osmoregulation and Excretion Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn

  2. Osmoregulation: The Basics • Osmoconformers –Isoosmotic with surroundings • Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment • Stenohaline –Animals that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity • Euryhaline –Animals that can survive large fluctuation in external osmolarity.

  3. Osmotic Challenges: A Survey

  4. Osmoregulation: Energy Cost and Other Mechanisms • Energy is required for active transport and diffusion of solutes and water • Transport epithelia is responsible for filtration and reabsorption

  5. Nitrogenous Waste • Ammonia • Urea • Uric acid • Evolution of each mode

  6. Excretion: The Basics • How excretory systems maintain homeostasis. • Bodily Fluids -> Filtrate -> Urine

  7. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Protonephridia • Organisms • Flatworms(acoelomates) • Rotifers • Some annelids • Mollusc larvae • Lancelets • Functions • Metabolic waste excretion • Osmoregulation • Disposal of nitrogenous waste • Mechanisms • Tubule network • Flame bulbs

  8. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Metanephridia • Organisms • Most annelids • Functions • Metabolic waste excretion • Osmoregulation • Mechanisms • Ciliated funnel • Collecting tubule • Transport epithelium

  9. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Malpighian Tubules • Organisms • Insects and other terrestrial arthropods • Functions • Nitrogenous waste disposal • Osmoregulation • Mechanism • transport epithelium

  10. Evolution of Excrtory Systems: Kidneys • Organisms • Vertebrates and some other chordates • Functions • Osmoregulation • Metabolic waste excretion • Mechanism: • Highly organized tubules • Ducts

  11. Structure Of The Mammalian Excretory System • Kidneys: renal cortex, renal medulla, nephron • Renal veins and arteries supply blood • Urine: Kidneys -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra

  12. Adaptations and Evolution of the Mammalian Kidney • Gram-negative bacteria • Hagfish and segmented kidneys

  13. Pathway of Filtrate

  14. From Blood Filtrate to Urine • proximal tubule         • descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle         • distal tube         • collecting duct

  15. Solute Gradients

  16. Kidney Adaptations: Mammals • The juxtamedullary nephronfunctions for water conservation • Long loops of Henle

  17. Kidney Adaptations: Birds and other Reptiles • Birds • Juxtamedullary nephrons • Shorter loops of Henle • Uric acid • Reptiles • Cortical nephrons • Transport epithelium in cloacas • Uric acid.

  18. Kidney Adaptations: Freshwater Fish and Amphibians • Freshwater Fish • Many nephrons • Transport epithelium for salt retention • Amphibians • Water vs. land adaptations

  19. Kidney Adapations: Marine Bony Fish • Small nephrons with no distal tube • Small or no glomeruli • Divalent ions flushed out with kidneys, proximal tubules of nephrons • Monovalent ions flushed out with gills

  20. Contribution of Hormones to the Mammalian Excretory System • antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • hypothalamus and pituitary( osmoregulator cells in hypothalamus detects rising osmolarity of blood and produces the hormone. Hormone is stored in the pituitary gland) • distal tubes and collection ducts (aquaphorons) (the ADH binds to aquaphorons in kidney to change the water pemeability of transport epithelial)

  21. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), afferent arteriol ( the afferent arteriol moitors blood volume/ artetiol tension and instructs the JGA which is close by to make angiotensin II) • adrenal gland (makes aldosterone) • aldosterone, angiotensin II

  22. Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  23. Disorders of the Kidney • Diabetes insipidus • Affects of alcohol • Gout

  24. References • "Gout: What You Should Know." American Family Physician 76.6 (2007): 811-12. Science Full Text Select. H. W. Wilson. Wilson Web Science. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/. • Miller, Karen J., Eugene P. Kennedy, and Vernon N. Reinhold. "Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides." Science 231 (Jan 3, 1986): 48(4). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. PIEDMONT HIGH SCHOOL. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS • Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008. .

  25. “Borrowed Photo” Credits • http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Urinary-System.html • http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/ • http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OLBB/www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossM.html • http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/kidney-anatomy.html • http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v63/n4/images/4493564f4.gif • http://home.bway.net/rjnoonan/humans_in_space/nephron.gif • Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.

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