Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11 Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution

1. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.3.11Title: Block 2 - Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution • Homework: • Complete Part A of the Evolution Investigation: All in the Family • Do Now(s): • Power-up a laptop and get ready for your next instructions • Today’s Objectives: • Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolution

2. Evidence For Evolution PHA Biology 9 Moretti/ Dickson

3. Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab Key Questions: • What is the evidence that one species can branch into two? • What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related? • Objectives for Class: • Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

4. Evolution Dry Lab Part A Part A Computer Lab All in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest Relatives? Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… • Examine and understand the evidence for evolution • Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees • Part A focuses on using the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships • Objectives for Class: • Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

5. Evidence: HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • Similar structures due to sharing a common ancestor that had those structures Three Types of Homologies: • Anatomical (including vestigial traits) • Embryological/ Developmental • Molecular/ Genetic • Objectives for Class: • Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

6. Evidence for Evolution Begin notes for type of Evidence for Evolution

7. Reaction Time Lab Larissa Natalie G Harold Julian Natalie N Whitney Ricardo Andre Zuri McHenley Emperor Nancy Leela Emily Aser Tom Israel Patrick Grace Leslie Jamesley Trevon

8. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.4.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution: 3 Homologies • Homework: • Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by the start of tomorrow’s class! • Do Now: • According to this diagram, which organism is the closest evolutionary relative of a bat? • What is one piece of evidence you could use to explain this evolutionary relationship? • Today’s Objectives: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution Bird Bat Mouse

9. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION • What is the evidence that all species on earth are related to each other and share common ancestors? 3 Major Types of Evidence: • Homologous Structures • Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures • Embryological/ Developmental • Molecular/Genetic • Fossils • Geographic Distribution of Species • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

10. Anatomical Homology • Similar body parts or bone structures • They don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in the common ancestor • Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have same bones • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

11. Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures • Analogous Structures • structures that have the same function but NOT the same skeletal structure • This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common ancestor with that trait Ex: insect wing and bird wing Bird wing Insect wing • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution bio.miami.edu

12. Anatomical Homology: Vestigial Traits • Vestigial Traits • Don’t have a function now, but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them. • Examples: • human tailbone, human goose bumps, ostrich wingsEx: human tail bone, human goose www.toptenz.net • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution animal.nationalgeographic.com

13. Embryological/Developmental Homology • Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development • Examples: • fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill slits and a tail (but some lose these features before birth) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

14. Molecular/Genetic Homology • Comparing the similarities and differences of DNA or amino acid sequences for different organisms • Closer the similarities = Closer relationships • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

15. Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches

16. Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1 Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence • The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… • Examine and understand the evidence for evolution • Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees • Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution • Complete through Tree # 1 using the evidence for Tree 1 • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical, genetic, and developmental homologies as evidence for evolution

17. Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.5.11 Title: Using homologous structures as evidence for evolution Double Block • Homework: • No Homework (unless you need to catch-up)  • Do Now(s): • Label the front right-hand corner of your Evolution Lab B: • CU = Finished Tree #1 and totally understand how the info in the table makes the tree • CD = Finished Tree #1, but don’t understand how the info in the table makes the tree • NC = Did NOT complete the table or the tree (for whatever reason) • Today’s Objectives: • Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this

18. Do Now – Part 2 • Which organisms branched off before evolving a complete digestive tube? • Which three organisms have a brain?

19. Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2 Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… • Examine and understand the evidence for evolution • Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees • Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution • Complete Tree #2 and ALL analysis questions • Objectives for Class: • Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

20. Evidence for Evolution Geographic Distribution Fossils

21. EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION • Homologous Structures • Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures • Embryos • Molecular/Genetic • Geographic Distribution of Species • Fossils

22. Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION • Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other • Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence • This is true, even thoughthey look more similar to species elsewhere. Example: North vs. South American rodents • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

23. Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial Mammals • Australia has been separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently • Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals

24. Recap: Analogy vs. Homology • Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selectionin similar environments • common ancestor did not have it, but descendents evolve it independently • Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry • common ancestor had this feature, so all descendents have it • Results from divergent (branching) evolution

25. DIVERGENT (branching) EVOLUTION

26. Evidence: FOSSILS • Fossils • show species that are now extinct • show transitions to new body forms • Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago) • fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs… • earliest amphibian? • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this. Artist Rendering Fossil

27. Evidence: FOSSILS cont. • Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150 million years ago) • earliest bird… but has many dinosaur features • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this. www.ansp.org

28. Evidence: FOSSILS cont. • Interpreting Fossil Evidence • Fossils form in layers of rock (older = lower layer) • Fossils in the same layer lived at the same time • Radiometric dating: determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

29. What lived at the same time as the fossil fish? • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

30. Bio 9B: Monday, 5.9.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution • Homework: • Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday. • Do Now: • How are fossils used as evolutionary evidence? • Today’s Objectives: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this. • Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

31. Evidence: FOSSILS cont. • Interpreting Fossil Evidence • Fossils form in layers of rock (older = lower layer) • Fossils in the same layer lived at the same time • Radiometric dating: determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

32. Evidence for Evolution: Part C How did whales evolve?

33. Part C: Evolution Dry Lab Harold Israel Ricardo Andre Natalie N Whitney Zuri Trevon Emperor Nancy Patrick Tom Leslie Emily Julian Aser Grace Leela Jamesley McHenley Larissa Natalie G

34. Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1 Part C: How Did Whales Evolve? The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… • Examine and understand the evidence for evolution • Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees • Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to determine evolutionary relatedness • Complete Tasks 1-4 before watching the video • You may also have the reading to go along with this video: • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

35. Ambulocetusnatans in action A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html

36. Check the Answers…

37. Check the Answers…

39. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 5.10.11 Title: No Class • Homework: • Do Now: • Today’s Objectives:

40. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 5.11.11 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution • Homework: • Finish analysis question for Part C by Thursday. • Do Now: • Take out Part C and prepare to complete activity • Today’s Objectives: • Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this. • Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

41. Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2 Part C: How Did Whales Evolve? The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… • Examine and understand the evidence for evolution • Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build phylogenetic trees • Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to determine evolutionary relatedness • Complete Task 5 after watching the video • You may also have the reading to go along with this video: • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html • Objectives for Class: • Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

42. Modern Whales…

43. Where Did Whales Evolve From?

44. Zooming in on Whale Evolution

46. Bio 9B: Thursday, 5.12.11 Title: Evolution Review • Homework: • Study for Evolution “Tuiz”. • Do Now: • Collect Part C of the Evolution Dry Lab • Next Slide • Today’s Objectives: • Review the major concepts from the Evolution Unit

47. EVOLUTION SUMMARY • Populations of living things change over time. • Due to change over time, a species can evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life. • All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.

48. Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present “There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin

49. Evolution Review • In your own words, describe the four key steps/ideas of natural selection and explain how they relate to each other. (you may want to think of this in terms of an example). • Write a paragraph describing an example of how the steps of natural selection (above) work in a population (examples could include hummingbird beaks, finch beaks, antibiotic resistance in bacteria, sickle cell anemia and malaria, or another example of your choice). • Define what a species is. • In your own words, explain the 2 main steps of speciation (one species dividing into two species). • Describe at least four types of evidence used to determine evolutionary relationships between species. Give an example of each! • Interpret or draw phylogenetic trees.

50. What Darwin Never Knew • http://video.pbs.org/video/1372073556 • Selected Chapters: • 9 - Gene Switches • 10 – A Transitional Form • 11 – Fins to Limbs • 12 (start at 1:26)