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Ulrich Zwingli & the Anabaptists

Ulrich Zwingli & the Anabaptists. Brutal Betrayal. EUROPE DURING THE REFORMATION. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531). Born in Switzerland; son & grandson of civil magistrates; Uncle Bartholomew, parish priest Latin scholar; educated in Basel, Bern, Vienna Came under influence of Erasmus & humanism.

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Ulrich Zwingli & the Anabaptists

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  1. Ulrich Zwingli& theAnabaptists Brutal Betrayal

  2. EUROPE DURING THE REFORMATION

  3. Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Born in Switzerland; son & grandson of civil magistrates; Uncle Bartholomew, parish priest Latin scholar; educated in Basel, Bern, Vienna Came under influence of Erasmus & humanism

  4. Early Priesthood (1506-1518) • Glarus – Arranged by Uncle Bartholomew • Another priest sold post for 100 florins • Main “cash crop” was mercenaries • Zwingli served as chaplain, saw 10,000 killed • Einsiedeln – Chaplain of Shrine of Virgin • Preaching to pilgrims earned his reputation • Began to question indulgences • Grossmunster – Great Church of Zurich

  5. Zurich & Early Reform Zurich: key city of Switzerland & important religious center Pastorate: preaching, mass, visiting sick Preached through books of Bible instead of prescribed Scriptures Spiritual crisis: plague, brother’s death, his own sickness after ministering to victims

  6. 1522 – Key Year • “Affair of the Sausages” • Zwingli preached against Lenten fast • Zurich printer rewarded workers with sausages • Zwingli defended practice

  7. 1522 – Key Year • Petition against celibacy • Priests petitioned bishop to legitimize relations • Many priests had common-law wives, concubines • 1500 illegitimate children fathered by priests • Zwingli was living with widow Anna Rinehart

  8. Disputation – 20 Jan. 1523 • Debate between Zwingli and Vicar General of Bishopric of Constance • Zwingli presented 67 Articles • City Council supported Zwingli’s Reformation: • Affirmation of evangelical truth • Condemned corruption of Roman Catholic Church • Denounced: purgatory; papal office; priestly garments; priesthood; clerical celibacy; traditional mass (Lord’s Supper should be memorial) • Zwingli’s Reformation depended on Council

  9. Prophecy Meetings & Swiss Brethren • 1519, Zwingli began attracting students: • Conrad Grebel • Felix Manz • George Blaurock • At Prophecy Meetings, studied NT in Greek • Study led to rejection of infant baptism & support of believer’s baptism • When this reform was rejected by Council, Zwingli backed down

  10. Disputation – 17 Jan. 1525 Zwingli attempted to suppress Swiss Brethren at public disputation on baptism Zwingli coined term “Anabaptists”: Re-baptizers Decision: Brethren to stop meeting & have children baptized or leave in 8 days

  11. 1st Baptism – 21 Jan. 1525 At home of Felix Manz, George Blaurock asked Conrad Grebel to baptize him Then Blaurock baptized others Baptism by pouring

  12. Anabaptists • Covenant • To live separate from the world • To teach the Gospel faithfully • To hold steadfastly to the truth • Significance • Formed church after NT model • Affirmed absolute lordship of Jesus • Affirmed church based on voluntary commitment • Refuted popular doctrine of infant baptism • Rejected role of magistrate in religion

  13. Anabaptists • Pattern of preaching/evangelism • Proclamation • Response • Baptism • Observance of Lord’s Supper • Witnessing by new converts

  14. Persecution & Martyrdom • Ejection from Zurich • Zwingli accused his former students & friends of sedition • Grebel, Blaurock & Manz imprisoned many times; sentenced to life imprisonment but escaped • Grebel died of plague

  15. Felix Manz 1st Anabaptist Martyr Manz sentenced to die on 5 Jan. 1527 Zurich prosecutors decided punishment for 2nd baptism was 3rd baptism: drowning Manz’s hands bound to his knees, with stick thrust between arms & legs; thrown into Limmat River Last words: “Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit”

  16. Church under the Cross • Martyrdom was hallmark of “Church under the Cross”; Jesus was their example • Persecuted by both Catholics & Protestants • More Anabaptist martyrs in 16th century at hands of Christians than during first 3 centuries under Roman pagans • Results: • Dispersion of Anabaptists & spread of movement • Remnants in Germany, Moravia, Netherlands, England • Loss of leadership weakened movement

  17. Martyrs’ Mirror The Bloody Theater or Martyrs’ Mirror of the Defenseless Christians Who Baptized Only Upon Confession of Faith, and Who Suffered and Died for the Testimony of Jesus, Their Saviour, from the Time of Christ to the Year A.D. 1660 Illustrated stories of martyrs from Christ to 17th-century Anabaptists

  18. Dirk Willems • Dirk was imprisoned in Netherlands; escaped through window by rope • Prison guard chased Dirk across frozen river • Dirk crosses safely; guard fell through ice • Dirk rescued guard, who captured him • Dirk was burned at stake • Remembered as compassionate Christian who risked recapture to save pursuer

  19. Hans Bret Anabaptist baker in Netherlands; imprisoned & tortured for teaching Anabaptist faith His letters to hismother detail torture Before being burnedat stake, tongue screw was usedto silence him Pastor retrievedscrew; marriedHans’ mother: screw became family heirloom

  20. Tongue Screw

  21. Michael Sattler (1490-1527) • Former prior of Benedictine monastery • Married Margaretha, former nun • Baptized in 1526; became Anabaptist leader • 24 Feb. 1527, Schleitheim Confession • Baptism: voluntary; for adult believers • Ban: church discipline • Lord’s Supper: memorial; only for baptized • Separation of church & state • Local church calls, supports, and disciplines pastor • Christians should not be magistrates • Christians should not swear an oath

  22. Michael Sattler • Arrested; charged with violations of Catholic doctrine & practice • Asked for debate; prosecutor replied: “You rascal of a monk, should we dispute with you? The hangman shall dispute with you” • 20 May 1527, martyred • Tongue cut out • Chained to wagon • Flesh torn with hot tongs • Bound to ladder; bag of gunpowder around his neck; pushed into fire • Prayed for persecutors • Margaretha drowned 8 days later

  23. BalthasarHubmaier(1480-1528) Former Catholic priest; earned doctorate Baptized day before Easter; next day, baptized 300 “Concerning Heretics & Those Who Burn Them”: first to advocate religious freedom & separation of church & state

  24. Balthasar Hubmeier (1480-1528) 10 Mar. 1528, burned at stake in Vienna “O dear brothers, pray God that he will give me patience in this my suffering. I will die in the Christian faith” Wife Elizabeth drowned in Danube 3 days later

  25. Menno Simons (1496-1561) • Former priest in Netherlands; baptized in 1536 • Theology: • Discipline through church ban • Pacifism: refused participation in war • Faulty Christology: Christ’s nature did not derive from Mary’s flesh; instead, Christ’s body composed of “celestial flesh” • Followers settled in America: Mennonites

  26. Anabaptist Theology Reform church back to NT model Scripture: guidelines for church from NT, not OT to justify state-church or persecution of heretics or infant baptism Believer’s baptism Lord’s Supper: memorial; Thanksgiving; sign of fellowship & unity

  27. Anabaptist Theology Voluntarism: Believers formed “gathered church,” based on commitment to Christ, pledging themselves to discipleship Magistrate: to discharge justice & protect innocent; no jurisdiction in religious matters; no Christian should be magistrate Sword: no Christian should go to war Religious liberty for all Autonomy of local church: local congregations should elect, support & discipline pastor

  28. Back to Zwingli State-church in Zurich Christian Civic Union: allied with other Swiss cantons to spread Reformation 1529, Marburg Colloquy: met with Luther for alliance against Catholics; no agreement on Lord’s Supper (Zwingli – memorial; Luther – real presence)

  29. Zwingli’s Reform Biblical lessons became focus of worship Worship attendance was mandatory Music & organs, images removed from churches Tight control on moral behavior; curfew Religious uniformity strictly enforced; deviation considered treasonous; Anabaptist targeted especially

  30. Zwingli on Baptism • Adhered to infant baptism • Nature of baptism • Infants are not guilty • Baptism not necessary for salvation • Infant was elect; in covenant community • Predestination • Fit his view of infant baptism, which was sign of covenant for those elected by God • Covenant concept of church • Used OT to show that baptism is NT parallel to circumcision

  31. Zwingli’s Death • Second Kappel War (1531) • Protestants blockaded routes to Catholic cantons • Protestant cantons did not unite; Catholics did • Catholics attacked Zurich • Catholics won; routed Zurich army • Zwingli died • Catholics strengthened hold on 5 Catholic cantons, which remain Catholic to this day

  32. Influence of Zwingli & Anabaptists • Zwingli: • Rejection of Roman Catholicism • Lord’s Supper as memorial • Anabaptists: • Believer’s baptism • Separation of church & state • Religious freedom • Origins of English Baptists in 17th century

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