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Secession and the Civil War

South Carolina and…?. Secession and the Civil War. Secession of the South . Reasons for secession (First State, Leaders, Constitution) Emotional-North wants to establish black rule in the South. Goal was not equality, but the reversal of roles for the races.

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Secession and the Civil War

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  1. South Carolina and…? Secession and the Civil War

  2. Secession of the South • Reasons for secession (First State, Leaders, Constitution) • Emotional-North wants to establish black rule in the South. Goal was not equality, but the reversal of roles for the races. • Economic-policies of a Republican president-protective tariffs, free homesteads in the west, etc.--will prevent the South from prospering. • Northern reaction to secession • Most opposed forcing the South to return to the Union • Buchanan refused to act when a federal supply ship was attacked in Charleston Harbor in January 1861 • Crittenden Compromise • proposed the prohibition of slavery north of the Missouri Compromise line (36 30), but allowing it south of the line in addition to compensation to owners for runaway slaves

  3. Secession of the South • Lincoln’s reaction • Inaugural Address • Protect Federal Property • Nation indissolvable • Would retaliate if forced Fort Sumter • employed force because the South was denying the democratic principle that formed the basis of the Union. • sent supplies to Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor (April 12, 1861) • Confederates opened fire on the fort, starting the war

  4. Lincoln Declares War • Union Generals • Winfield Scott, George McClellan, Ambrose Burnside, Joseph Hooker, George Meade, Ulysses S. Grant • Confederate Generals • Robert E. Lee

  5. North vs. South North's advantages over the South • Potential fighting and working force: 20 million citizens • Population: 2.5:1 • Free male population (ages 18-60): 4.4:1 • Wealth produced: 3:1 • Factory production: 10:1 • Iron production: 15:1 • Coal production: 38:1 • Transportation--superior in every respect • Railroad mileage: 7:1 • Naval tonnage: 25:1 • Merchant ship tonnage: 9:1

  6. North vs. South South's advantages over the North • Fighting a defensive war • Local support • familiarity with terrain • Positive goal: seeking independence • Short communication lines and friendly population • United public in contrast to the North • Non-slaveholders eager to volunteer to fight • Experienced officer corps • many veterans of the Mexican-American War joined the Confederacy • Cotton (24:1 advantage over North) • necessary for textile factories of England and France

  7. Union Home front Mobilization and Finance • Conscription -poor fight, rich get out of it -Draft riots (NYC 1863) http://youtu.be/x5kil3Pfkng • Money -Increase tariffs, income tax, “greenbacks” • War Profiteers -Manufacturers and industrialists made lots of money, many through corrupt means.

  8. Union Home front What Civil Liberties? • Save the Union • Blockade • Increase size of Army • Keep the Border states • Suspends habeus corpus • Supervised voting • Newspapers/editors influenced/pressured Not in the Constitution

  9. Southern Home front • Declared martial law • Suspended habeus corpus • Confederate Constitution • Strong Constitution vs. states rights • Mobilization and Finance • Conscription • Conflict, Rich vs. Poor • Confederate currency • Not currency, bills of credit

  10. Leading to Emancipation • Lee’s first mistake • decision to invade the North • Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg, MD) • Gain support from border states and England. • Decrease morale of North • Lee’s second mistake • Lost plans for battle • Found by North • Decisive/Important victory for North • No British support • Set platform for Emancipation

  11. Emancipation Proclamation • Moral Cause for the War • Emancipated slaves in the South, not border states. • Must win the war to have impact • Prelude to the 13th Amendment • Gave slaves a reason to rebel and join Union army.

  12. Gettysburg • The beginning of the end • 3 days of battle • South won first two • North won the third • Pushed Lee out of the North and put South back on the defensive. • Turning point of the war.

  13. War in the South • Grant becomes Northern commander • Captures Vicksburg, MS • Coincides with Gettysburg • Sherman’s “March to the Sea” • Total War • Scorches Atlanta to Savannah • Grant outlasts Lee • Willing to continue the fight • Knew North had more troops and supplies • Takes Richmond

  14. Sherman’s “March to the Sea”

  15. Southern Surrender? • Appomattox Court House • Lee surrenders to Grant in April 1865 (VA) • Lincoln assassinated • April 14, 1865 • Ford’s Theatre • John Wilkes Booth • Lincoln Martyred • Radical Republicans use death to support their cause.

  16. Outcome of Civil War • Costs • 600,000 lives • $15 million • Animosity b/t North and South • Benefits • US resilience • Abolished slavery • US now major player in the world

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