Learning Objectives Chapter 3

1. Learning Objectives Chapter 3 • Describe what a cell is and the two general types of cells. • Describe the structure and functions of cell membranes. • Describe several ways in which molecules move across membranes. • Describe how cells are connected and how they communicate with each other. • Describe nine important landmarks in eukaryotic cells.

2. The cell: The smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary functions of life, including reproducing itself.

3. Cells • Robert Hooke, a British scientist, mid-1600s • A cell is a three-dimensional structure, like a fluid-filled balloon, in which many of the essential chemical reactions of life take place. • Nearly all cells contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

4. Cell Theory • All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. • All cells arise from other pre-existing cells.

5. 3.2 Prokaryotic cells are structurally simple, but there are many types of them.Every cell on earth falls into one of two basic categories: • A eukaryotic cell • has a central control structure called a nucleus, which contains the cell’s DNA. • eukaryotes • A prokaryotic cell • does not have a nucleus; its DNA simply resides in the middle of the cell. • prokaryotes

7. 3.3 Eukaryotic cells have compartments with specialized functions.

8. Eukaryotic cells have organelles.

10. Endosymbiosis Theory • Developed to explain the presence of two organelles in eukaryotes, chloroplasts in plants and algae, and mitochondria in plants and animals.

12. Which answer below supports the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally bacteria? Circular DNA is present in both organelles. Both organelles are larger than other organelles in the cell. Both organelles are surrounded by a single lipid bilayer. All of the above.