Our last kingdom: Animalia

1. Our last kingdom: Animalia Chapter 23

2. How do we even know its an animal? • ___________: eating food then digesting it on the ________ of the organism. • Can start dead, alive or in pieces • Cells held together by __________ (not cell walls) • Do not have haploid living stages… reproduce sexually but ________________ ________________

3. Animal life cycle • Egg and sperm make _______ • Form _________ (single layer of cells in sphere) • Form gastrula (sphere begins to _______________________ __________________) • Gastrula divides into two (_____________________), and then three (_______________) cell layers/cavities that go on to produce different cavities and layers • Go on to become __________ (don’t look like the adult) and then undergo metamorphosis into different forms until they reach the ________________ • Adults produce egg and sperm Monarch Butterfly Pupa… between larva and adult

4. Protists also gave rise to animals • Remember that plants and fungus diverged BEFORE animals started forming • The same process that changed Volvox into multicellular algae probably created animals as well • ____________________________________________________________________… this would look a lot like sponges and cnidarians (our first groups to study!!!)

5. Invertebrates • Most animals, grouped because they have no backbone (not really a phylogenetic class) • Include the phylums • Porifera (sponges) • Cnidaria • Platyhelminthes (flatworms) • Nematoda (roundworms) • Mollusca • Annelida (earthworms) • Arthropoda (arthropods and insects) • Echinoderms **Using your book find each of these phyla and list 3 facts about them (they can be their structure, life cycle, or members)

6. Porifera • Probably arose from a colonial protist called choanoflagellate • Known as sponges • ____________________: water/ food drawn in through pores then sent out through the top • Asymmetrical/ Radial symmetry? • Can have one or more cavities • Economic importance in bath products!

7. Cnidarians • Include all kinds of jellyfish • Can be in the form of a _______: cylinder with ‘arms’ projecting from one side • Can be in the form of a __________: think jellyfish… umbrella like with streamers coming from the edges • Commonalities: • __________________: Prey is pulled into the umbrella and digested within the animal • _______________: stinging portions of the tentacles that stun or kill their prey so they can be ingested. • _________________ giant Nomura's jellyfish off the coast of Japan on October 4, 2005.

8. Bilateral Symmetry • Although the previous classes had radial symmetry most animals have bilateral symmetry • Bilateral symmetry means the ____________________ _______________________ • They have a clear _________________ • _________________ • And __________________ ___________________

9. __________: flatworms, flukes and tape worms • Flatworms are ___________found in freshwater lakes and ponds • ________ are __________ and their life cycle usually includes multiple hosts • Can infect humans with blood fluke disease • Tape worms: _________________ __________________ and consume the partially digested food (no digestive tract of their own). _____________________________________________________________________________________________ • Humans can be infected with Taenarhynchus when they eat infected rare beef

10. Body Cavities • Most animals have a space between the digestive tract and their skin… this space is called a body cavity AKA _____________ • Allows for better movement (more flexible) • More resilient against pressure and damage • Helps circulate nutrients and oxygen • Skinny or short animals do not need these cavities because all areas are capable of absorbing their own nutrients… _______________________ __________________________ (like the vascular system of plants)

11. Nematoda: Roundworms • Among the most numerous species • _____________________ • Have a cuticle • ____________are used as model organisms because they have the same kind, but simpler nervous system • Roundworms can be deadly • _______________ in dogs • Almost all species have the same body plan… very little diversity

12. Mollusks • Have a distinct body plan • __________ muscle that they sit on for locomotion • Visceral mass: ________________ • Mantle: ______ form the shell… allows for excretion • 3 major groups: • _____________: Snails, slugs, sea snails and sea slugs (hide in a shell, very colorful, only terrestrial) • ____________: clams, oysters, muscles, and scallops (have 2 hinged shells, sedentary, can open and snap shut when they sense predators or prey • _______________: squid (internal shell) and octopus (no shell). Built for speed and agility. Complex brains and organ systems, great predators. Giant octopus can be up to 17m and 2 tons!!!!

13. The segmented body • _____________________________________________________________________________ is accomplished by segmenting • Repeated segments of similar content allow for the whole body to be enervated, or kept clean (like separate entrance and exits for nutrients and waste in each segment) • Segmentation ________________ • Insects have segments that grow legs, and some for wings • Human are segmented only in the vertebrae and associated muscles • In all animals it allows _____________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Annelida • Rigidly segmented body plan • _____________________ • Ingest the soil and excrete lots of soil with mucus… give the soil nice texture for farming! • _____________________ • Marine worms that have bristles to trap food as well as aid in gas exchange and waste disposal • Leeches: • __________________________with some notable exceptions that suck your blood! • Can be used in medicine to remove excess blood from flooded tissues after trauma Mouth of the bloodsucking medicinal leechPhoto: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY http://www.vincentprat.info/wordpress/2006/07/12/remove-leeches/

15. Arthropods • ____________ : Hard outer ‘shell’ that protects the soft interior tissue • Have jointed appendages (legs w/ joints) • __________________because the exoskeleton cannot grow with them • Segmented into three major pieces • ______ (senses), _______ (breathing apparatus and arms) and ____________ (intestine and legs) • 5 classes • 1. Trilobite (fossil), • 2. arachnids (spiders), • 3. crustaceans (lobster and crab), • 4. centipede/ millipede, • 5. insects

16. Insects: a closer look • Over a million species defined so far • Broken into 7 orders based on their form and function • Incomplete metamorphosis: ________ ________________________ • Orthoptera: crickets, praying mantises, cockroaches • Odonata: dragonflies • Hemiptera: true bugs… stink bug, water strider, bed bugs

17. More insects • Complete metamorphosis:________ ____________________________________________ • Coleoptera: beetles (largest order in the animal kingdom) • Lepidoptera: Moths and butterflies • Diptera: mosquitoes, flies, and gnats • Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps. Complex social organization

18. New evolutionary branch (separate from mollusks, annelids and arthropods) Include Sea Stars, Sand Dollars, and Sea Urchins Echinoderms • Sea Stars: have arms that with tube feet that pull apart mollusks (a favorite food) • Urchins: are spheres with spines for protection (or locomotion) and eat algae Spiny exoskeleton Use a water vascular system for movement… can push out or suck in water to move along. (tube feet)