Criminal Rehabilitation

1. Criminal Rehabilitation By: Kavya Manikonda, FerozeNooruddin, KhadraKhalif and Meruba Sivaselvachandran

2. What is the debate? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZCj-mBYGnY

3. Definitions (Merriam-Webster Online, 2013) • Rehabilitation: to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education

4. Definitions (Merriam-Webster Online, 2013) • Rehabilitation: to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education • Recidivism: the rate at which criminals repeat offences

5. Definitions (Merriam-Webster Online, 2013) • Rehabilitation: to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education • Recidivism: the rate at which criminals repeat offences • Incarceration: the state of being imprisoned

6. Definitions (Merriam-Webster Online, 2013) • Rehabilitation: to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education • Recidivism: the rate at which criminals repeat offences • Incarceration: the state of being imprisoned • Retribution: the belief that a wrong done by an individual should be met with an equivalent form of suffering

7. Definitions (Merriam-Webster Online, 2013) • Rehabilitation: to restore to useful life, as through therapy and education • Recidivism: the rate at which criminals repeat offences • Incarceration: the state of being imprisoned • Retribution: the belief that a wrong done by an individual should be met with an equivalent form of suffering • Deterrence: the attempt to prevent further criminal behaviour through punishment

8. Common Misconceptions

9. Common Misconceptions • “Offenders are assumed to be mentally ill.” • A majority of criminals have normal mental behavior. (This argument is based on a flawed perception that mental illness is the target of rehabilitation.)

10. Common Misconceptions • “Offenders are assumed to be mentally ill.” • A majority of criminals have normal mental behavior. (This argument is based on a flawed perception that mental illness is the target of rehabilitation.) • “Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.” • Rehabs have a strong community where people can gain support and create strong friendships throughout their time in the facility.

11. Common Misconceptions • “Offenders are assumed to be mentally ill.” • A majority of criminals have normal mental behavior. (This argument is based on a flawed perception that mental illness is the target of rehabilitation.) • “Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.” • Rehabs have a strong community where people can gain support and create strong friendships throughout their time in the facility. • ALL offenders are not permanently criminal. • It is possible to restore a criminal to a useful life in which they can positively contribute to themselves and to society, but not always. (Daniel, 2009)

12. Anthropological Lens Canada: • Surveys conclude Canadians are skeptical about rehabilitation (Samuel, 2010). • Fraser, a member of the Corrections Service Canada says “Our legal system isn’t based on retribution, it’s based on punishment” (Dodd, 2008). • Canada has one of the highest incarceration rates in the Western world. • The 2011-12 Federal budget allotted $521.6 million (more than 21%) for Imprisonment Services rather than correctional services (Warren, 2011). • Recent legislation aims for longer prison sentences likely leading to correctional overload and inefficiency

13. Anthropological Lens- Cont’d Other countries: • Rehabilitation has proven to be a failed objective of justice systems in America as the national recidivism rate is at 67% (Chapman, 2011). • In Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, "treatment" is forced labor with beatings and years of involuntary detention (Dan, 2009). • China firmly believes that most criminals can be rehabilitated. As of August 2006, there are 18 provinces, 85 cities, 375 districts, and 3142 streets promoting community rehabilitation (Hyun, 2009). • Johann Koehler says, “Responsive treatments, usually incorporating psychological techniques, work better than ‘one-size-fits-all’ measures like prison’’ (Koehler, 2011) • Prison overcrowding in India is undermining rehabilitation of prisoners and increasing the risks of reoffending in the future (Mukesh, 2007)

14. Sociological Lens • Young female offenders are more likely to be open to therapeutic interventions than males • Majority of prisoners (77%) are male and upon a follow up after three years 50% had been re- convicted (Mertyl, 2009)

15. Sociological Lens- Cont’d • Most inmates are illiterate and studies have shown that education helps them recover - 77% have no high school diploma and 70% had unstable jobs (Lowenstein, 2001) • Drug abusers have the most success with rehabilitation as they are willing to get better - 30 men on heroin were fully recovered and did not want to go back to drug use after being enrolled in a rehab program called Criminon(Francis, 2008)

16. Psychological Lens (Pearson, 2001) Primitive explanations: Demonic possession, mental retardation Today: • Behaviour theory: People learn aggression as they grow older. • Psychodynamic Perspective: Criminals have weak egos and are often not capable of making rational decisions. • Cognitive Theory: Crime is the symbolic expression of conflicts and tensions existing within the psych of an individual. Treating crime: • anger management; social skills training, rehabilitation, psychotherapy and punishment as it has a deterrent effect on choice to commit a crime

17. Pros:Can criminals be rehabilitated?Yes, they can!

18. Reduces Recidivism

19. Reduces Recidivism • A Harvard University study concluded that in districts where mentoring and correctional skills programs were followed, crime was reduced by 30% (Gary, 2011).

20. Reduces Recidivism • A Harvard University study concluded that in districts where mentoring and correctional skills programs were followed, crime was reduced by 30% (Gary, 2011). • Judge Roger K.  Warren of the Justice Department, states, "Unlike incarceration, which actually increases recidivism, rehabilitation can significantly reduce recidivism. [It is]also more cost-effective“ (Barth, 2008) Above: A picture of Judge Roger K. Warren

21. More Effective (Prison vs. Rehab) • The “Self Concept” theory states that a person exposed to harsh treatment would be more willing to treat others the same way (Pearson, 2011). - Rehabilitation ensures that the desire of a criminal to commit crimes is eliminated • Rehabilitation reduces habitual offending an average of 50% compared to harsh treatments like imprisonment (Statistics Canada, 2012)

22. Reduces youth crime; gives a second chance for troubled teens • “Youth are less likely to commit a crime after rehab than after spending time in jail as it seems to only worsen delinquency”, says Saskatoon Lawyer Kearny Haley (Rice, 2011). • Participation in rehabilitation programs for young offenders for as little as four months reduced the frequency of violent reoffending by 83 percent, compared with a matched control group in a conventional jail (Paul, 2001). Above: A picture of Lawyer Kearny Haley

23. Cons:Can criminals be rehabilitated?No, they can’t!

24. Low Success Rate Peter Chapman, charged for rape at the age of 19, was released “under supervision” but slipped the radar. He was sentenced to life a few years later for the rape and murder of 17 year old Ashleigh Hall (Scott, 2004) • No guarantee that the criminal has “changed for the better” • 45% of criminals who go through rehabilitation return to committing crimes within the first 5 years (Scott, 2004). Above: A photo of Peter Chapman

25. Criminals with serious psychological disorders may not be able to be rehabilitated • There have been numerous, intensive programs designed to rehabilitate incarcerated psychopaths, but no program has yet proven to be effective (Hare, 1999). • Hare even notes that, in many cases, therapy can even help psychopaths hone their manipulative skills.

26. Criminals with serious psychological disorders may not be able to be rehabilitated • There have been numerous, intensive programs designed to rehabilitate incarcerated psychopaths, but no program has yet proven to be effective(Hare, 1999). • Hare even notes that, in many cases, therapy can even help psychopaths hone their manipulative skills. • Research shows that people with a psychological disorder are 33% more susceptible to re-committing criminal behavior (Hyun, 2011).

27. Criminals can change only if they want to change • Andrew Vachss says, criminals like Westley Allan Dodd like what they do and intend to keep on doing it. "If I do escape I promise I will kill and rape again, and I will enjoy every minute of it,” says Westley (Dodd, 2009). • A Minnesota survey that tracked released child molesters found those who completed psychiatric treatment were arrested more often for new sex crimes than those who had not been treated (Brian, 2007). Above: A photo of Westley Dodd

28. In Conclusion…

29. :

30. Human beings are resilient and tend to adapt at different rates; can we be sure that a criminal can be rehabilitated?

31. Human beings are resilient and tend to adapt at different rates; can we be sure that a criminal can be rehabilitated? • When you let a criminal free, you are putting the lives of others in danger

32. Human beings are resilient and tend to adapt at different rates; can we be sure that a criminal can be rehabilitated? • When you let a criminal free, you are putting the lives of others in danger • Only those who have potential to be rehabilitated should be deemed fit for public • determined by the severity of the offense committed by the criminal, and the amount of recidivism.

34. Rehabilitation is defined as: • Habitual relapse into crime • Imprisonment • Restoring to useful life through therapy and education • Punishment that is considered to be morally right and fully deserved

35. Rehabilitation is defined as: • Habitual relapse into crime • Imprisonment • Restoring to useful life through therapy and education • Punishment that is considered to be morally right and fully deserved

36. Which of the following is a primitive explanation of why people commit crimes? • Behavior therapy • Demonic Possession • Cognitive theory • Psychodynamic Perspective

37. Which of the following is a primitive explanation of why people commit crimes? • Behavior therapy • Demonic Possession • Cognitive theory • Psychodynamic Perspective

38. Which of the following factors influence criminal behavior? • Dysfunctional parents • Poor education • Drug use • All of the above

39. Which of the following factors influence criminal behavior? • Dysfunctional parents • Poor education • Drug use • All of the above

40. Fraser McVie said, “Our legal system isn’t based on retribution, it’s based on punishment.” Which country was he referring to? • United States • China • Canada • India

41. Fraser McVie said, “Our legal system isn’t based on retribution, it’s based on punishment.” Which country was he referring to? • United States • China • Canada • India

42. True or False: • All criminals can be rehabilitated • Rehabilitation is the same as imprisoning someone • Cambodia rehabilitates people in the same way that Canada does • Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.

43. True or False: • All criminals can be rehabilitated F • Rehabilitation is the same as imprisoning someone • Cambodia rehabilitates people in the same way that Canada does • Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.

44. True or False: • All criminals can be rehabilitated F • Rehabilitation is the same as imprisoning someone F • Cambodia rehabilitates people in the same way that Canada does • Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.

45. True or False: • All criminals can be rehabilitated F • Rehabilitation is the same as imprisoning someone F • Cambodia rehabilitates people in the same way that Canada does F • Rehab is a lonely and depressing place.

46. True or False: • All criminals can be rehabilitated F • Rehabilitation is the same as imprisoning someone F • Cambodia rehabilitates people in the same way that Canada does F • Rehab is a lonely and depressing place. F

47. What are some ways people can be rehabilitated?

48. anger management classes • social skills training • psychotherapy • boot camp • juvenile facilities • other specialized programs

49. And lastly… Do YOU think criminals can be rehabilitated?

50. Questions? Thank you!