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Learning Goals

Learn about the structures and functions of organelles like the nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, and more in cell biology. Dive into the relationships between different organelles and their essential roles in protein synthesis.

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Learning Goals

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  1. Learning Goals • I can identify organelles in diagrams and electron micrographs • I can describe the structure & functions of organelles • I can explain the relationships between different organelles

  2. How are the following structures related? • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Ribosomes All are needed to make proteins!

  3. Nucleus: contains DNA • DNA codes for proteins • “control centre” because controls which proteins made • Nucleolus: dark centre inside nucleus, makes rRNA subunit of ribosomes • Ribosomes: “construction workers” that build proteins as specified by DNA code, located near nucleus. NO proteins can be made without all 3!

  4. HW Questions • What organelles make up the endomembrane system? -nuclear membrane -endoplasmic reticulum -golgiapparatu vesicles

  5. 2. What is the purpose of the endomembrane System? • Creates separation between parts of the cell • This “compartmentalization” helps ensure specific chemical reactions only happen in specific places

  6. 3. How do the endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles and the golgi apparatus work together • E.R is covered in ribosomes-> proteins are made here then packaged in smooth ER • Golgi Apparatus receives vesicles from ER, modifies, and repackages proteins into vesicles for transport

  7. Nuclear Envelope • Double membrane with small pores • Separates nucleus from cytoplasm

  8. Nuclear Pores • Tiny holes in the nuclear membrane • Allow proteins to enter nucleus and parts of ribosomes to exit nucleus

  9. Nucleolus • Dark centre inside the nucles • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is made here • rRNA + proteinform ribosomes here

  10. Ribosomes • Made of 2 subunits: of rRNA and proteins. • Often located on the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R) • can be free in the cytoplasm. • JOB: Assemble proteins • Polysomes: groups of ribosomes

  11. Vesicles • Small, membranous sacs • Made by smooth ER • transport substances within the cell.

  12. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • System of membranous channels and flattened vesicles. • Wrapped around nucleus to receive ribosomes. • Ribosomes attach to make proteins here • Moves new proteins to the smooth ER for packaging into vesicles which are sent to Golgi apparatus.

  13. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • No ribosomes, • Makes phospholipids for cell membrane • In testes-> makes testosterone hormones • In liver cells ->make drug detoxifying enzymes • Produce vesicles which contain newly synthesized proteins.

  14. Golgi Apparatus • Composed of stacks of saccules (flattened vesicles). • Receives transport vesicles containing proteins from Rough ER. • PMS- packages, modifies, stores, proteins. • Makes secretory vesicles sent to plasma membrane to exit cell

  15. Lysosomes • Made of membrane, tiny sacs • Made by golgi body • contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down materials in the cell. • Act as a “cleanup crew” for the cell.

  16. Peroxisome • Made of membrane, tiny sacs • Job: • Contain enzymes for Oxydizing substances Eg) break down fats & Detoxify alcohol

  17. Vacuoles • Large, membrane bound sac • storage structures. • In plant cells: vacuoles are extremely large & also help to support the plant.

  18. Chloroplasts • Double membrane with: • Stoma: fluid filled space • Thylakoids: interconnected flattened sacs • Grana: stacks of flattened stacks • only in plant cells. • Site of photosynthesis: converts light energy into food energy • 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY  C6H12O6 + 6O2

  19. Mitochondria • Double membrane structure with: • Matrix: inner space filled with fluid • Cristae: foldings on insdie that increase Surface area • site of cellular respiration: converts glucose into ATP energy, water and carbon dioxide. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP) • “Powerhouse” of the cell.

  20. The energy currency of cells

  21. Cytoskeleton • A mix of filaments & fibers • support cell structure & drive cell movement • actin filaments: long, thin bundles that support • Microtubules: small hollow cylinders maintain cell shape.

  22. Centrioles • Short cylinders • Made of a 9:0 pattern of microtubules. • only present in animal cells. • Centrioles aid in cell division.

  23. Cilia and Flagella • Cilia: short hair like structures, beat like oars • Flagella: long whip like, propel • Both used for movement

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