1 / 38

Phosphorylation

Phosphorylation. When glucose enters a cell, a phosphate group (from ATP) gets attached to C #6. C 6 H 12 O 6 + PO 4  glucose-6-phosphate. All glucose inside a cell must be in the form of gluc-6-phos in order to be used. Non-reversible process in all except LIVER CELLS.

elvis-yates
Download Presentation

Phosphorylation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Phosphorylation When glucose enters a cell, a phosphate group (from ATP) gets attached to C #6. C6H12O6 + PO4 glucose-6-phosphate

  2. All glucose inside a cell must be in the form of gluc-6-phos in order to be used. Non-reversible process in all except LIVER CELLS.

  3. Glycogenesis “genesis” = formation Glucose is stored as GLYCOGEN (long chains of gluc-6-phos molecules)

  4. Glycolysis “lysis” = breaking apart Gluc-6-phos + 2ATP  Pyruvate + 4ATP Anaerobic process http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html

  5. H- C = O | H - C - OH | HO- C - H | H - C - OH | H - C - OH | H - C - OH H Glucose

  6. Pyruvate (Pyruvic acid) CH3 - C – COOH || O

  7. Kreb’s Cycle • Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) goes into the mitochondria • CO2 + H+ are split off and • leaves a 2 carbon (acetyl) • Group http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html (step 1) • Acetyl group combines • w/ CoA  acetyl CoA

  8. Organic compound made by cells that must combine with an enzyme in order to work. Coenzyme Coenzyme may be a hydrogen “carrier”

  9. Hydrogen carriers NAD – nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide FAD – flavin adenine dinucleotide

  10. NAD + H+  NADH+ FAD + H+ FADH+

  11. Coenzyme A Coenzyme that is NOT a hydrogen carrier. Coenzyme A carries a 2-carbon (acetyl) group

  12. ADP Is also a coenzyme – carries phosphate groups

  13. First part of Kreb’s cycle CoA carries acetyl groups into the Kreb’s cycle to transfer them to oxaloacetic acid to form CITRIC ACID (name of cycle) http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html (step 2)

  14. Kreb’s cycle • is important in • the metabolism of: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids

  15. In one “turn” of the Kreb’s cycle….. 1 molecule acetyl CoA  • 2 molecules CO2 • 4 molecules H2 • (3 NADH + 1FADH) • 1 molecule ATP

  16. And, now for the Kreb’s Cycle itself………

  17. From glycolysis CH3 – C – COOH || O + CoA Pyruvic acid CH3 – C – CoA || O Acetyl CoA

  18. Step #1 CH3 – C – CoA || O acetyl CoA COOH | CH2 | HO – C – COOH | CH2 | COOH citric acid NADNADH+ COOH | C = O | CH2 | COOH oxaloacetic acid

  19. Animation http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html (step 2)

  20. Step #2 COOH | CH2 | HO – C – COOH | CH2 | COOH citric acid COOH | CH2 | C – COOH || CH | COOH cis-aconitic acid (unstable intermediate)

  21. Step #3 COOH | CH2 | C – COOH || CH | COOH cis-aconitic acid (unstable intermediate) COOH | CH2 | H - C – COOH | HO - CH | COOH isocitric acid

  22. Step #4 COOH | CH2 | H - C – COOH | HO - CH | COOH isocitric acid COOH | CH2 | H - C – COOH | C = O | COOH oxalosuccinic acid -2H

  23. Step #5 COOH | CH2 | H - C – COOH | C = O | COOH oxalosuccinic acid COOH | CH2 | CH2 | C = O | COOH -ketoglutaric acid -CO2

  24. Step #6 COOH | CH2 | CH2 | C = O | COOH -ketoglutaric acid -CO2 COOH | CH2 | CH2 | C = O | CoA succinyl CoA -2H NADH+NAD

  25. Step #7 COOH | CH2 | CH2 | C = O | CoA succinyl CoA +H2O COOH | CH2 | CH2 | COOH succinic acid NADNADH+

  26. Step #8 COOH | CH2 | CH2 | COOH succinic acid COOH | CH || CH | COOH fumaric acid -2H

  27. Step #9 COOH | CH || CH | COOH fumaric acid +H2O COOH | HO - CH | CH2 | COOH malic acid

  28. Step #10 COOH | HO - CH | CH2 | COOH malic acid -2H COOH | C=O | CH2 | COOH oxaloacetic acid (back to where we started!)

  29. Animation Summary http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html (step 3)

  30. Summary to end of Kreb’s Cycle

  31. What happens to the CO2 produced in the Kreb’s Cycle? Diffuses from mitochondria  cytoplasm (cytosol)  bloodstream  exhaled (whew!)

  32. Electron Transport Chain The pairs of hydrogen ions (-2H) from the Kreb’s Cycle enter the electron transport chain. There are a series of HYDROGEN ACCEPTORS (NAD, FAD & cytochromes) that, as they pass the hydrogen ions along, ATP is being produced.

  33. What ultimately happens to pairs of H? Oxygen is final acceptor of H  produces H2O! From 4 pairs of H  36-38 ATPs produced in the electron transport chain!

  34. Glucose ATP count? Phosphorylation & glycolysis: 8 ATP Kreb’s cycle & electron transport: 30 ATP Total = 38 ATPs

  35. Electron Transport Chain(Animation) http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html

  36. Fat metabolism 1 unit of FAT 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol 18 C each chain glycolysis Each 18 C  6 pyruvic acid So total of 18 pyruvic acids Kreb’s cycle & electron transport 18 pyruvic acids  684 ATP 38 ATP So, 684 + 38 = 722 ATPs!

  37. What about protein? Single amino acids are used to build muscle, bones, connective tissue, and cytoplasm and cell membrane of cells. Not typically catabolized (broken down) for energy – only during starvation. 22 amino acids – 8 are “essential”

  38. Chemistry of Digestion writing prompt: The carbohydrates, proteins and lipids have now been broken down into single sugars, amino acids or fatty acids and glycerol.  They are now in the liver.  Describe, in detail, the process by which glucose creates ATP and then how the other substances become ATP as well.  Be sure to include structures to help your explanation.

More Related