Welcome! 9.2.2014

1. Welcome! 9.2.2014 • Come in and pass forward your Constitution Scavenger Hunt and your 3 examples of the NWO/Constitution connections. • Get the Vocab sheet and the Annie Oakley off the stage up front. Some people already have the Annie Oakley packet on their seat. • Annie Oakley will be turned back in so do NOT write on it. Vocab is yours to keep.

2. Cultural Clash on the Prairie • “I cried aloud…and heard them gnaw off one of my thick braids. Then I lost my spirit. Since the day I was taken from my mother I had suffered extreme indignities…And now my long hair was shingled like a coward’s! In my anguish I moaned for my mother, but no one came…Now I was only one of many little animals driven by a herder.” • Who do you think wrote this? • What do you think was happening to him/her?

3. Native American Tribes after the Civil War

5. The Great Plains Indians • Great Plains – the grassland extending through the west-central portion of the United States. • Osage and Iowa tribes hunted and planted around small villages. • Cheyenne and Sioux gathered wild foods and hunted buffalos as a nomadic tribe. • Buffalo is central to the Great Plains tribes used for food, shelter, clothing – NOTHING went to waste. Skull is sacred. Horner into bowls and spoons. Bones into tools • Horse – once brought in by the Columbian Exchange by the Spanish it allowed them to hunt and travel faster and easier. This often led to war between tribes as one tribe would enter another’s territory. • Family Life – Small extended family groups with ties to other bands that spoke the same Language. Young men – hunters and warriors. Women- butcher the game, prepared the hides and chose the husbands in some tribes. • Religion – Power spirits controlled the natural world. Men/women who were particularly sensitive to spirits became shaman or medicine men/women. • Tribes ruled by counsels – no one person with all the power.

6. The Great Plains Indians

7. Settlers Push Westward • Whites begin to push west and start to stake claims on land. Believe in land OWNERSHIP that NA did not. • Whites also argue that NA have given up their right to land because they have not settled down to improve the land. • Lure of Silver and Gold bring in another Gold Rush. Some boomtowns and camps are built up quickly to accommodate mining places. Even though some are built on NA soil. Ex. Helena, Montana • In these boomtowns fortune seekers of all ethnic diversity would rush to become wealthy. And most of them are men – what types of businesses are built in boomtowns?

8. The Government and NA Policy • With Andrew Jackson in 1830 the Indian Removal Act moved any remaining NA from East of the Mississippi to land in the Great Plains. Essential making the Great Plains one giant NA reservation. • By this point most NA have caught on to how the government treats them and actively rebel from their reservation area which means clashes with miners and other frontiers people.

9. Massacre at Sand Creek • November 1864 • Cheyenne Indians believed they were under U.S. protection and returned to Sand Creek reservation for winter. • General S.R. Curtis sent a telegram that read, “I want no peace till the Indians suffer more.” and with that the militia attacked. • Over 150 Cheyenne and Arapaho are killed. Mostly women and children.

10. Death on the Bozeman Trail • The Bozeman Trail was right in the middle of Sioux hunting grounds. Chief Red Cloud had asked the government to end settlers from living there but to no avail. • Warrior Crazy Horse and a group of warriors ambushed Captain William Fetterman killing over 80 soldiers. • NA call this Battle of the Hundred Slain • Whites call this the Fetterman Massacre

11. Treaty of Fort Laramie • Close Bozeman Trail • Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River. • Leader Sitting Bull never signed. • Leaders Ogala and Brule Sioux did sign but fully intended on continue to under where they pleased.

12. “We have been taught to hunt and live on the game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?”

13. Gold Rush • General George A. Custer reported that the Black Hills had gold, “from the grass roots down,” a gold rush was on! • Again, Sioux leaders appeal to Washington to stop the immigration but no one listens.

14. Custer’s Last Stand • June 1876 – Sioux and Cheyenne have a sundance when Sitting Bull has a vision of soldiers and NA falling from their horses. • NA led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull attack and crush Custer and his men. In one hour all of them are dead. • Although it was a big victory for NA, it only lasted a little while. Sioux are beaten and Sitting Bull and some of his followers move to Canada for awhile. Eventually he must surrender. • Later Sitting Bull would join Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show.

15. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show

16. Annie Oakley

17. Welcome! 9.3.2014 • Come in and get your vocabulary out from yesterday. • Sophomores – you need to see Jaleel in order to sign up for a time to work the parking lot during Sternwheel. If we don’t raise money no float, no dance. • Pep Rally on Friday -

18. The Dawes Act • Passed in 1887, legislation to Americanize the the NA. It broke up reservations and gave some of the land to individual NA. 160 acres to the head of household and 80 acres to each unmarried adult. The remainder of the land would be sold to settlers. 2/3 of the land ends up in white hands. • Assimilation – forcing NA to give up their way of life and become part of white culture.

19. Destruction of the Buffalo • In 1800, approximately 65 million roamed the plains, by 1890 fewer than 1000 remained.

20. The Battle of Wounded Knee • Sitting Bull is back at it! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XViasvHZKc • “I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back… I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch… And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream.” Black Elk Speaks • 22 men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions at Wounded Knee

21. Cattle Become Big Business • Growing demand for beef with rapid growth of cities. Chicago becomes center for butchering. • Cowboys • Chisholm Trail – the major cattle route from San Antonio, TX through OK to Kansas. 35,000 head of cattle where shipped out its first year and it doubled in its second.

22. Settling on the Great Plains • It took over 250 years from Jamestown (1607) until 1870 to turn 400 million acres of forest and prairies into farms. Settling the second 400 million acres only took 30 years. 1870-1900. • Federal land policy and the transcontinental railroad made that rapid settlement possible.

23. Railroad Race • From 1850-1871 government made huge land grants to railroads – 170 million acres – worth half a billion dollars for laying tracks in the West. • Union Pacific and the Central Pacific received 10 square miles for every mile of track laid in a state and 20 square miles for every mile laid in a territory. • Transcontinental Railroad – finished in Promontory Summit, Utah. Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads met in the middle.

24. Promontory Summit, Utah

25. Government encourages Settlement • Homestead Act – passed by Congress in 1862 – offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen or intended citizen who was had of a household. • 600,000 families took advantage of this. • Several thousand of those were exodusters – AA who moved from post Reconstruction south to Kansas.

26. And then tries to stop it! Whoops! • 1872 – Yellowstone National Park is created. • The land there that had been given to railroads was forced to give it up.

27. Yellowstone National Park

28. Settlers Meet the Challenges of the Plains Soddy- sod home made freestanding by stacking blocks of prairie turf. Warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Small Dark Great for snakes, insets and leaks. Fireproof though!

29. Settlers Meet the Challenges of the West Dugout – home built into the side of a hill. Great for insects and snakes. Warm in the winter and cool in the summer.

30. Lifestyle • Women and men work together in the fields. Women can, shear sheep and prep wool and make clothing, they are skilled doctors. • Wheat is the predominant crop. • New Technology helps farmers: • John Deere – Steel Plow 1837 • Cyrus McCormick – reaping machine – 1847 • Grain drill – 1841 • Corn Binder – 1878

31. Government supports farmers • The Morrill Act – gave land to states to help finance agricultural colleges. • Hatch Act – 1887 –established agricultural experiment stations to inform farmers of new developments. • Because of this they were able to take the dry eastern plains and make them great for farming.

32. Farmers in Debt • With the rise in new technology and the shipping costs higher for Western Farmers than eastern farms, and a drought – Great Plains farmers quickly found themselves in debt. • Bonanza farms – enormous single crop spreads of 15,000-50,000 acres. They tried to grow bigger and bigger but just went into debt more and more. • As they fold into bankruptcy

33. “What you farmers need to do is raise less corn and more Hell! We want the accursed foreclosure system wiped out…. We will stand by our homes and stay by our firesides by force if necessary, and we will not pay our dets to the loan-shark companies until the Government pays its debts to us.”